Abstract
Aim: Current microbiome profiling of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) patients is mostly limited to gut microbiome. We characterized the oral microbiome associated with T1D in children after the onset of the disease and explored its relationship with oral physiological factors and dental status.Methods: This cohort study comprised 37 children aged 5–15 years with T1D and 29 healthy children matched in age and gender. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from diabetic and non-diabetic children, in the morning after brushing their teeth and a fasting period of at least 1 h before sampling. 16S rRNA gene-based analysis was performed by Powersoil Pro kit by Qiagen and Phusion High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix. Oral physiological and dental parameters studied included decayed, missing, and filled teeth index, salivary flow rate, and salivary pH, glucose, calcium, phosphate, and urea levels.Results: Of the identified 105 different genera and 211 different species, the most abundant genera were Streptococcus, Prevotella, Veillonella, Haemophilus, and Neisseria. Streptococcus was more abundant in T1D children. The diabetes group had 22 taxa at the genus level and 33 taxa at the species level that were not present in the control group and the control group exhibited 6 taxa at the genus level and 9 taxa at the species level that did not exist in the diabetes group. In addition, Catonella, Fusobacterium, and Mogibacterium differed between healthy and T1D subjects. Eight species and eight subspecies were significantly more abundant among healthy children than in T1D children. Porphyromonas and Mogibacterium genera were significantly correlated with salivary parameters. We found similarities between taxa revealed in the present study and those found in gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes mellitus according to gutMDisorder database.Conclusions: Salivary microbiome analysis revealed unique microbial taxa that differed between T1D children and healthy subjects. Several genera found in the saliva of T1D children were associated with gut microbiome in T1D individuals.
Highlights
Oral microbiome represents an important part of the human microbiome and can have detrimental consequences on both our general and oral health
The study group included 37 children with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) (17 males) with a mean age (±SD) of 13 ± 2.69 years, and the control group included 29 (11 males) healthy children with a mean age (±SD) of 10 ± 2.38 years with no other relevant differences noted between the groups
Interviews revealed that children with T1D visited the dentist only when necessary, while children in the control group were orthodontic patients who kept high standards of oral care
Summary
Oral microbiome represents an important part of the human microbiome and can have detrimental consequences on both our general and oral health. Type 1 diabetes (T1D), known as insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic autoimmunemediated disease in which the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells are destroyed. It can be diagnosed at any age, it is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood and adolescence (Maahs et al, 2010; Hong et al, 2017). T1D accounts for 5–10% of diabetic patients worldwide (Maahs et al, 2010; World Health Organization, 2018) and is the second most frequent autoimmune disease in childhood; its incidence has tripled in the last 30 years (de Groot et al, 2017). 1.1 million children and adolescents under the age of 20 live with T1D (International Diabetes Federation, 2019)
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