Abstract
High-precision monitoring of landslides is essential for understanding their kinematics and reducing landslide induced damage. The spatiotemporal deformation variations of the Three Bears landslide in northern California have not been systematically monitored and interpreted. In this study, we applied advanced time-series InSAR analysis methods to characterize the kinematics of the landslide covering two periods (2007–2011 and 2015–2017) with multi-track synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired from L-band ALOS PALSAR-1/2 satellites. Our results show that the Three Bears landslide has been moving consistently, with the Line of Sight (LOS) deformation rate exceeding 300 mm/yr from 2007 to 2011 and around 250 mm/yr from 2015 to 2017. The east–west and vertical deformation components were inverted by integrating ascending and descending ALOS PALSAR-2 interferograms during the 2015–2017 period, indicating that the landslide was dominated by eastward movement and in a continuous deformation stage. Down-slope landslide motions observed from adjacent satellite tracks with slightly different radar look vectors were used to verify the accuracy of InSAR-derived results. Comparison between linearly detrended InSAR displacements and precipitation records indicate that the landslide tends to accelerate during the wet seasons. The results could allow us to better understand the kinematics of the landslide and provide significant evidence for evaluating the potential for catastrophic failure and the threat posed by such failure to human life and property. Combined with a proper geotechnical/geomechanical model, the results would also facilitate the design and implementation of mitigation measures.
Highlights
Landslides constitute one of the most frequent and serious natural hazards in mountainous areas around the world, and can be triggered by various factors such as rainfall or snowmelt, earthquakes and human activities [1,2]
As seen on the deformation maps, the large displacement mainly occurs in the eastern part of the Cedar Grove Ranch Earthflow, which is consistent with the active landslide identified by Zhao et al [10]
The reasons can be summarized as follows: (1) It may be mainly caused by the sparse temporal sampling during the period of 2015–2017, especially for datasets P69 and P171; and (2) The study area suffered a persistent drought from the period of December 2011 to March 2017 [33], which may have caused the reduction in the deformation rate
Summary
Landslides constitute one of the most frequent and serious natural hazards in mountainous areas around the world, and can be triggered by various factors such as rainfall or snowmelt, earthquakes and human activities [1,2]. Many different surveying methods such as inclinometers, piezometers, photogrammetry, and global positioning system (GPS) have been employed to monitor landslides [3,4,5,6]. Some of these methods are spatially-limited, time-consuming, and logistically challenging. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques have shown great potentials for monitoring active landslides in remote regions due to the advantages of all-day, all-weather, wide coverage, and high spatial resolution, especially with the successive launch of SAR satellites and the great abundance of SAR images [8,9,10,11,12,13,14]
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