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Abstract
The Bacillus cereus group is frequently isolated from soil, plants, food, and other environments. In this study, we report the first isolation and characterization of a B. cereus group member, Bacillus wiedmannii SR52, from the hydrothermal field in the Iheya Ridge of Okinawa Trough. SR52 was isolated from the gills of shrimp Alvinocaris longirostris, an invertebrate species found abundantly in the ecosystems of the hydrothermal vents, and is most closely related to B. wiedmannii FSL W8-0169. SR52 is aerobic, motile, and able to form endospores. SR52 can grow in NaCl concentrations up to 9%. SR52 has a circular chromosome of 5,448,361 bp and a plasmid of 137,592 bp, encoding 5,709 and 189 genes, respectively. The chromosome contains 297 putative virulence genes, including those encoding enterotoxins and hemolysins. Fourteen rRNA operons, 107 tRNAs, and 5 sRNAs are present in the chromosome, and 7 tRNAs are present in the plasmid. SR52 possesses 13 genomic islands (GIs), all on the chromosome. Comparing to FSL W8-0169, SR52 exhibits several streaking features in its genome, notably an exceedingly large number of non-coding RNAs and GIs. In vivo studies showed that following intramuscular injection into fish, SR52 was able to disseminate in tissues and cause mortality; when inoculated into mice, SR52 induced acute mortality and disseminated transiently in tissues. In vitro studies showed that SR52 possessed hemolytic activity, and the extracellular product of SR52 exhibited a strong cytotoxic effect. These results provided the first insight into the cytotoxicity and genomic feature of B. wiedmannii from the deep-sea hydrothermal environment.
Highlights
The deep-sea environment is characterized by high pressure, low temperature, and low concentrations of labile organic carbon, all of which modulate the structures of local microbial community (Nagata et al, 2010; Louvado et al, 2015)
We reported the first characterization of a B. cereus group member, SR52, from the hydrothermal field in Okinawa Trough
Sequence and rpoB gene, as well as using Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (GGDC) indicated that SR52 is closely related to the B. cereus group and belongs to B. wiedmannii, members of which were isolated from dairy food and dairy environment and proposed recently as a novel species distinct from other species in the B. cereus group (Miller et al, 2016)
Summary
The deep-sea environment is characterized by high pressure, low temperature (except in hydrothermal vents), and low concentrations of labile organic carbon, all of which modulate the structures of local microbial community (Nagata et al, 2010; Louvado et al, 2015). The population structure and phylogenetic diversity of microbes in deep-sea environments, those associated with hydrothermal vents, have been investigated recently (Arakawa et al, 2006; Batzke et al, 2007; He et al, 2017; Meier et al, 2017; Zhang et al, 2017; Fortunato et al, 2018; Dick, 2019). The Bacillus cereus group is a subdivision of the genus Bacillus It comprises more than 20 closely related species including diverse Gram-positive heterotrophic aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacilli with the ability to form environmentally resistant and metabolically inert spores (Schmidt et al, 2011; Liu et al, 2015, 2017a). Several studies have indicated the presence of Bacillus species in the deep sea (Marteinsson et al, 1996; Liu et al, 2006; Kurata et al, 2015; Wen et al, 2015), but to our knowledge, no B. cereus group from deep sea hydrothermal vents has been reported
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