Characterization of the Extracellular Polymeric Substances Produced by Escherichia coli Using Infrared Spectroscopic, Proteomic, and Aggregation Studies

Abstract

The aim of this study was twofold: first, to characterize the free extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and bound EPS produced by Escherichia coli during different growth phases in different media, and then to investigate the role of the free EPS in promoting aggregation. EPS was extracted from a population of E. coli MG1655 cells grown in different media composition (Luria-Bertani (LB) and Luria-Bertani with the addition of 0.5 w/v% glucose at the beginning of the growth phase (LBG)) and at different growth phases (6 and 24 h). The extracted EPS was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and further identified using one-dimensional gel-based electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. E. coli MG1655 was found to produce significantly lower amounts of bound EPS compared to free EPS under all conditions. The protein content of free EPS increased as the cells progressed from the exponential to stationary phase when grown in LB or LBG, while the carbohydrate content only increased across the growth phases for cells grown in LBG. FTIR revealed a variation in the different functional groups such as amines, carboxyl, and phosphoryl groups for free EPS extracted at the different growth conditions. Over 500 proteins were identified in the free EPS, with 40 proteins common in all growth conditions. Proteins with functionality related to amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as cell wall and membrane biogenesis were among the highest proteins identified in the free EPS extracted from E. coli MG1655 under all growth and media conditions. The role of bound and free EPS was investigated using a standardized aggregation assay. Bound EPS did not contribute to aggregation of E. coli MG1655. The readdition of free EPS to E. coli MG1655 resulted in aggregation of the cells in all growth conditions. Free EPS extracted from the 24 h E. coli MG1655 cultures grown in LB had the greatest effect on aggregation of cells grow in LBG, with a 30% increase in aggregation observed.