Abstract
(E)-4-Hydroxyhexenal (HHE) is receiving widespread attention as a representative reactive carbonyl species (RCS) derived from n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids peroxidation due to its health hazard. However, few studies have addressed the potential effects of lipid oxidation products on microbial growth in food products. Therefore, this study attempted to elucidate the action of HHE on Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), the dominant bacteria in dry-cured fish. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HHE was 250 μg/mL. Time-kill curves confirmed the strong inhibitory activity of HHE. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay indicated that HHE disrupted the integrity of cell wall. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and flow cytometry analysis revealed that HHE induced changes in cell morphology, compromised cell membrane permeability, and thus disrupted intracellular homeostasis. Based on untargeted metabolomic analysis, HHE disrupted multiple metabolic pathways in L. plantarum involving amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein biosynthesis, nucleic acid metabolism and energy metabolism. This research provide new insights into the HHE inhibition mechanism and theoretical support for studying the effects of lipid oxidation products on microorganisms in food matrix.
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