Characterization of some ancient glass beads unearthed from theKizil reservoir andWanquan cemeteries inXinjiang,China

Abstract

A total of 33 ancient glass beads unearthed from theKizil reservoir cemetery andWanquan cemetery inXinjiang are studied usingRaman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS) and other methods. The detailed study of the glassy matrices, the crystalline inclusions and the microstructural heterogeneities for these glass beads has revealed some valuable information to help in the understanding of their possible manufacturing technology and provenance. At least two different types of glass were present in the two cemeteries. For the first time, antimony‐based colourant/opacifier—for example,Pb2Sb2O7orCaSb2O6—was systematically identified in some beads of plant‐ash type soda–lime glass dated to about 1000–500bc. The limited number of potash glass beads from theKizil reservoir cemetery, which were dated to about 500–300bc, used tin oxide as an opacifier. The diverse resources of the soda–lime and potash glasses indicate the existence of a complex trade network betweenChina and theWest much earlier than theWesternHanDynasty.