Abstract
The mixed crop–livestock systems are acknowledged as sustainable due to its complementarity and synergy, contribution to welfare, food security, income, and poverty alleviation. The lack of efforts...
Highlights
Mixed crop–livestock systems provide the majority of the cereal and livestock domestic products for households in developing countries (Tarawali, Herrero, Descheemaeker, Grings, & Blümmel, 2011)
More than 90% of rural households in Ethiopia rely on livestock, crop production or a combination of the two as the main occupation of the family farm (Ethiopia & Headquarters World Food Program, 2014)
The area covered by annual crops was 56%, which was higher (p < 0.01) compared to the area covered by natural pasturelands (17%), perennial crops (15%), vegetable (1%) and the tree or grass cover (2%)
Summary
Mixed crop–livestock systems provide the majority of the cereal and livestock domestic products for households in developing countries (Tarawali, Herrero, Descheemaeker, Grings, & Blümmel, 2011). More than 90% of rural households in Ethiopia rely on livestock, crop production or a combination of the two as the main occupation of the family farm (Ethiopia & Headquarters World Food Program, 2014). The intensification of this system, following the present rapid population growth, urbanization and rising income be desirable to meet the growing demands of the human population with emphasizing the increased role of livestock in smallholder farming systems (Stroebel, Swanepoel, & Pell, 2011). Livestock usually has multiple purposes, it provides food, income, draught power for crop production, manure to improve soil fertility and it is an essential asset for insurance in times of scarcity (e.g., Amejo, Gebere, Kassa, & Tana, 2018a)
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