Abstract
Three different non-invasive techniques, namely Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and ultrasonic tomography integrated with petrographic data, were applied to characterize two rock samples of a different nature: A pyroclastic rock and a carbonate rock. We started a computation of high-resolution 3D models of the two samples using the TLS technique supported by a digital SfM photogrammetry survey. The resulting radiometric information available, such as reflectivity maps, SfM photogrammetry textured models and patterns of geometrical residuals, were interpreted in order to detect and underline surface materials anomalies by a comparison of reflectance and natural colour anomalies. Starting from the 3D models from previous techniques, a 3D ultrasonic tomography on each rock sample was accurately planned and carried out in order to detect internal defects or sample heterogeneity. The integration of the above three geophysical non-invasive techniques with petrographical data—especially with the textural characteristics of such materials—represents a powerful method for the definition of the heterogeneity of the rocks at a different scale and for calibrating in situ measurements.
Highlights
The visible porosity observed at the meso-microscale is mainly of secondary type and is characterized by fractures with apertures of 30 μm on average (Figure 7b) or it is due to dissolution phenomena that caused the development of moldic and vug porosities [93]
The non-invasive approach for the characterization of different rock samples by means of different techniques can efficiently highlight the characteristics of the stone materials
The results of the 3D ultrasonic tomography highlighted the close connection between defects in the surface materials and the worsening of the elastic characteristics in the corresponding inner parts of the samples
Summary
Establishing the properties and state of conservation of stone materials can relate to many fields of research, from cultural heritage to architecture and geological studies [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13].To study stone materials both outcropping and in depth, with appropriately prepared samples one can make as many measurements as necessary with different techniques.some characterization analyses are destructive and there is a limit to the number of samples that can be sacrificed. To study stone materials both outcropping and in depth, with appropriately prepared samples one can make as many measurements as necessary with different techniques. In the analysis of rock samples, non-destructive techniques are constantly being improved and new ones have been introduced. Rock sample analysis is becoming more widespread with the introduction of sophisticated methods of analysis such as X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) and μ-XRF [14,15,16,17]. These high-tech methods provide a huge quantity of micro structural and microscopic information.
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