Abstract
The fine particulate matter (PM) emitted from jet aircraft poses a serious threat to the environment and human health which can be mitigated by using biofuels. This paper aims to quantify PM emissions from a small turbofan fueled with the alcohol to jet (ATJ) synthetic kerosene and its various blends (5%, 20%, and 30% of ATJ) with Jet A-1 fuel. Emissions from a turbofan engine (DGEN 380) with a high bypass ratio, applicable in small private jets, were studied. Among the four fuels tested, the PM-number emission index (EIN) was the lowest for the ATJ 30% blend. EIN for ATJ 30% dropped from 1.1 × 1017 to 4.7 × 1016 particles/kg of fuel. Burning alternative fuel blends reduced the particle mass emissions over the entire range of fuel flow by at least 117 mg/kg of fuel. The particles formed in the nucleation mechanism dominate PM emission, which is characteristic of jet engines. Thus, number-based particle size distributions (PSDs) exhibit a single mode log-normal distribution. The highest values of EIN were found for Jet A-1 neat compared to other fuels. The use of the ATJ additive did not cause significant changes in the size of the particles from nucleation mode. However, a magnitude reduction of nucleation mode was found with the increase in the ATJ ratio.
Highlights
In recent years, interest in reducing the environmental impact of aviation has increased significantly, especially because of climate change and environmental pollution
The average particulate matter (PM) number emission indices (EIN ) and their associated error bars were calculated from the EEPS data as provided in Figure 3 for the different test fuels
The average emission index (EIN) decreasing from 2.2 × 1017 to 9.9 × 1016 particles per kilogram of Jet A-1 fuel as the engine fuel flow increased from 26 to 89 kg/h
Summary
Interest in reducing the environmental impact of aviation has increased significantly, especially because of climate change and environmental pollution. The aviation industry is responsible for an estimated 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions [1,2]. The considered air operations, which are the subject of analyses of the impact of air transport on air quality, take place at altitudes of up to 950 m (3000 ft). This is evidenced by the regulations for the certification of aircraft engines, designed to limit exhaust emissions in areas adjacent to airports [9,10,11,12]
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