Abstract
Soil samples from 139 agricultural orchard fields (apple, grape, tea, and others) were analyzed using the soil fertility index. From these samples, an orchard field database was constructed and the soil properties between orchard, upland, and paddy fields were compared. The average value of bacterial biomass in the orchard fields was 7.4 × 108 cells/g-soil, ranging from not detected (lower than 6.6 × 106 cells/g-soil) to 7.7 × 109 cells/g-soil. The average values of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK), were 24,000 mg/kg (2670 to 128,100 mg/kg), 1460 mg/kg (133 to 6400 mg/kg), 1030 mg/kg (142 to 5362 mg/kg), and 5370 mg/kg (1214 to 18,155 mg/kg), respectively. The C/N and C/P ratios were 19 (3 to 85) and 27 (2 to 101), respectively. Soil properties of the orchard fields were compared with those of the upland and the paddy fields. The average value of bacterial biomass in the orchard fields was almost the same as that in the upland fields (8.0 × 108 cells/g-soil), but the number was lower than that in the paddy fields (12.9 × 108 cells/g-soil). The average values of TC and TN in the orchard fields fell between those in the upland fields (TC: 33,120 mg/kg, TN: 2010 mg/kg) and the paddy fields (TC: 15,420 mg/kg, TN: 1080 mg/kg). The relationship between the bacterial biomass and TC in the orchard fields resembled that in the upland fields. A suitable soil condition for the orchard fields was determined as TC: ≥25,000 mg/kg, TN: ≥1500 mg/kg, TP: ≥900 mg/kg and TK: 2500 - 10,000 mg/kg. These recommended values will be effective for the improvement of the soil quality in the orchard fields by enhancing the number and activities of microorganisms.
Highlights
Orchard crop cultivation is carried out under either conventional or organic agriculture systems
The suitable soil conditions for the upland fields based on the Soil Fertility Index (SOFIX) database are total carbon (TC) ≥ 25,000 mg/kg, total nitrogen (TN) ≥ 1500 mg/kg, total phosphorus (TP) ≥ 1100 mg/kg, and total potassium (TK) 2500 to 10,000 mg/kg to maintain bacterial biomass ≥ 6 × 108 cells/g-soil and their activities [16]
The results indicate that nitrogen circulation activity and bacterial biomass were related to each other, while phosphorus circulation activity and bacterial biomass were not
Summary
Orchard crop cultivation is carried out under either conventional or organic agriculture systems. The development of conventional agriculture systems using chemical fertilizers and pesticides has improved crop production and agricultural activities [1] [2] [3]. The suitable soil conditions for the upland fields based on the SOFIX database are total carbon (TC) ≥ 25,000 mg/kg, total nitrogen (TN) ≥ 1500 mg/kg, total phosphorus (TP) ≥ 1100 mg/kg, and total potassium (TK) 2500 to 10,000 mg/kg to maintain bacterial biomass ≥ 6 × 108 cells/g-soil and their activities [16]. The environmental conditions between the upland and the paddy fields analyzed by the database were different because of differences in their respective soil environments [19]. The features and the suitable conditions of the orchard fields were determined by comparing the upland and the paddy field databases
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