Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize multiscale interactions between high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and dentin collagen and associated matrix-metalloproteinases, in addition to the analysis of the effect of HIFU on bacterial biofilms and biological properties. Dentin specimens were subjected to 5, 10 or 20 s HIFU. XPS spectra were acquired and TEM was performed on dentin slabs. Collagen orientation was performed using Raman spectroscopy. Calcium measurements in human dental pulpal cells (hDPCs) were carried out after 7 and 14 days. For macrophages, CD36+ and CD163+ were analysed. Biofilms were analyzed using CLSM. Tandem mass spectroscopy was performed for the detection of hydroxyproline sequences along with human MMP-2 quantification. Phosphorus, calcium, and nitrogen were detected in HIFU specimens. TEM images demonstrated the collagen network appearing to be fused together in the HIFU 10 and 20 s specimens. The band associated with 960 cm-1 corresponds to the stretching ν1 PO43-. The control specimens showed intensive calcium staining followed by HIFU 20 s > HIFU 10 s > HIFU 5 s specimens. Macrophages in the HIFU specimens co-expressed CD80+ and CD163+ cells. CLSM images showed the HIFU treatment inhibiting bacterial growth. SiteScore propensity determined the effect of HIFU on the binding site with a higher DScore representing better site exposure on MMPs. Multiscale mapping of dentin collagen after HIFU treatment showed no deleterious alterations on the organic structure of dentin.
Highlights
The hierarchical structure of teeth is remarkable and organized displaying enviable mechanical properties [1]
The petri dishes were subject to high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatments at different time points with each petri dish placed at the focal point generated by the transducer
Our findings suggested that macrophages from different HIFU treatments had a different propensity to produce M1 and M2 reactions, which are alternative reactions of the macrophages in response to the treatment offered
Summary
The hierarchical structure of teeth is remarkable and organized displaying enviable mechanical properties [1]. The HYP/Pro ratio is considered as an indicator of Type I collagen changes which happen due to enzymatic processing of proline residue hydroxylation [20] Based on this premise, these native crosslinks improve the tensile properties of dentin collagen [21] improving the resistance of collagen matrix against enzymatic degradation, a requirement prior to adhesive application [22]. These native crosslinks improve the tensile properties of dentin collagen [21] improving the resistance of collagen matrix against enzymatic degradation, a requirement prior to adhesive application [22] These collagen fibers aid in anchoring composite resin restorations to the dentin substVrieawtAertimcleaOknilninge them an important and significant factDoOr I:fo10r.1b0o39n/dD1aBdMh00e5s5io5Cn and its durability [23,24]. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx information on the application of the device on mammalian cells [32]
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