Abstract
BackgroundFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has severe implications for animal farming which leads to considerable financial losses because of its rapid spread, high morbidity and loss of productivity. For these reasons, the use of vaccine is often favoured to prevent and control FMD. Selection of the proper vaccine is extremely difficult because of the antigenic variation within FMDV serotypes. The aim of the current study was to produce a panel of mAbs and use it for the characterization of new isolates of FMDV serotype O.ResultsA panel of FMDV/O specific mAb was produced. The generated mAbs were then characterized using the peptide array and mAb resistant mutant selection. Seven out of the nine mAbs reacted with five known antigenic sites, thus the other two mAbs against non-neutralizing sites were identified. The mAbs were then evaluated by antigenic ELISA for the detection of forty-six FMDV serotype O isolates representing seven of ten known topotypes. Isolates ECU/4/10 and HKN/2/11 demonstrated the highest antigenic variation compared to the others. Furthermore, the panel of mAbs was used in vaccine matching by antigenic profiling ELISA with O1/Manisa as the reference strain. However, there was no correlation between vaccine matching by antigenic ELISA and the gold standard method, virus neutralisation test (VNT), for the forty-six FMDV/O isolates. Nine isolates had particularly poor correlation with the reference vaccine strain as revealed by the low r1 values in VNT. The amino acid sequences of the outer capsid proteins for these nine isolates were analyzed and compared with the vaccine strain O1/Manisa. The isolate ECU/4/10 displayed three unique amino acid substitutions around the antigenic sites 1, 3 and 4.ConclusionsThe panel of mAbs is useful to monitor the emergence of antigenically different strains and determination of relevant antigenic site differences. However, for vaccine matching VNT remains the preferred method but a combination of VNT, antigenic profiling with a panel of mAbs and genetic sequencing would probably be more ideal for full characterization of any new outbreak isolates as well as for selection of vaccine strains from FMDV antigen banks.
Highlights
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious and acute disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, pigs, goats, sheep and deer
The results indicate that all mAbs are Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)/O specific without cross reactivity against FMDV other serotypes (A, C, Asia 1, SAT1, 2, and 3) and other vesicular disease viruses (Swine vesicular disease and Vesicular stomatitis)
The seven mAbs reacted with all 5 antigenic sites and the other two mAbs recognized non-neutralizing sites
Summary
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious and acute disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, pigs, goats, sheep and deer. High morbidity and loss of productivity have severe implications for animal farming which leads to considerable financial losses. For these reasons, the use of vaccine is often favoured to prevent and control FMD. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has severe implications for animal farming which leads to considerable financial losses because of its rapid spread, high morbidity and loss of productivity. The aim of the current study was to produce a panel of mAbs and use it for the characterization of new isolates of FMDV serotype O
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