Characterization of Metastatic Sternal Lesions on Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Breast MRI in Women with Invasive Breast Cancer

Abstract

Detecting sternal lesions is not the purpose of breast MRI, but diagnosing metastasis has major clinical implications. Our purpose was to determine the breast MRI features of sternal metastases detected on PET-CT and bone-scan. Between 01/2010-09/2018, 379 patients with breast cancer had sternal findings on PET-CT or bone-scan, 21 of which underwent breast MRI within 100 days. Sternal lesions were considered metastatic if (1) biopsy demonstrated metastasis, (2) the lesion had similar appearance to synchronous sites of biopsy-proven osseous metastases, or (3) there were numerous suspicious lesions in which widespread osseous metastasis was presumed. Four radiologists reviewed the MR images to determine if metastases were retrospectively detectable. MRI reports were reviewed to determine if lesions were prospectively described. MRI features of metastatic sternal lesions were compared to benign controls. Fourteen sternal metastases met inclusion criteria. Lesions were retrospectively detectable on breast MRI by all radiologists in 86% (12/14) of cases, but prospectively reported in 57%. Of the 12 MRI-detectable metastases, mean maximum dimension was 33 mm, 7 had >1 lesion, all were T1-hypointense, 11 were T2-hyperintense, 11 were noncircumscribed, 6 extended beyond cortex, 11 enhanced heterogeneously, and 11 demonstrated washout. Heterogeneous enhancement (p = 0.002), noncircumscribed margins (p < 0.001), multiplicity (p = 0.005), and size >1 cm (p < 0.001) were more frequent with metastatic compared to benign sternal lesions. Most sternal metastases (86%) were retrospectively detectable on breast MRI, but only 57% were prospectively reported, emphasizing the importance evaluating the sternum on breast MRI. Certain MRI features may raise suspicion for metastasis.