Abstract
Brahmi essence, developed from Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. standardized extract and mulberry juice, was proven to improve the memory speed of healthy participants aged 55–80 years old, following a 12-week dietary program. However, the metabolites have not yet been reported. Our objective was to characterize the altered metabolites in the plasma, urine, and feces of healthy volunteers after consumption of Brahmi essence for 12 weeks, using the LC-MS metabolomics approach. The altered metabolites were selected from OPLS-DA S-plots; 15 metabolites in the plasma, 7 in the urine, and 17 in the feces samples were tentatively identified by comparison with an online database and literature. The metabolites in the plasma samples were in the classes of amino acids, acylcarnitine, and phospholipids. Benzeneactamide-4-O-sulphate and 3-hydroxyhippuric acid were found in urine samples. The metabolites in the class of amino acids, together with jujubogenin and pseudojujubogenin, were identified in the fecal samples. The aminoacyl-tRNA, aromatic amino acids, and branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathways were mainly related to the identified metabolites in all three samples. It could be implied that those metabolites and their pathways might be linked with the effect of Brahmi essence on memory speed.
Highlights
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Bacopa or Brahmi) is an Ayurvedic medicinal plant in the family Plantaginaceae which grows in wet soils and is distributed in Asia, United States, Africa, and Australia [1,2]
The 12-week period of consumption was designed based on the previous report by Peth-Nui et al [14] stating that the standardized Brahmi extract led to improvements in the quality and memory speed of healthy volunteers after 12 weeks of consumption
Molecules 2021, 26, 2944 standardized Brahmi extract led to improvements in the quality and memory speed of healthy volunteers after 12 weeks of consumption
Summary
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Bacopa or Brahmi) is an Ayurvedic medicinal plant in the family Plantaginaceae which grows in wet soils and is distributed in Asia, United States, Africa, and Australia [1,2]. It has been shown to increase cerebral blood flow [9] via vasodilator action [10,11] Brahmi exhibits those activities with low signs of toxicity, as reported in both animal and human studies [12,13,14]. The major active compounds are the dammarane steroidal saponin glycosides: jujubogenin glycosides (bacoside A3 and bacopaside X) and pseudojujubogenin glycosides (bacopaside I, bacopaside II and bacopasaponin C) [15,16]. These compounds have been used as markers in the preparation of standardized Brahmi extract [17]. Bacoside A—which is a mixture of bacoside A3, bacopaside II, bacopasaponin C, and bacopaside X—has been reported for nootropic and neuroprotective activities [19,20]
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