Abstract
Primula vulgaris exhibits a wide range of flower colors and is a valuable ornamental plant. The combination of flavonols/anthocyanins and carotenoids provides various colorations ranging from yellow to violet-blue. However, the complex metabolic networks and molecular mechanisms underlying the different flower colors of P. vulgaris remain unclear. Based on comprehensive analysis of morphological anatomy, metabolites, and gene expression in different-colored flowers of P. vulgaris, the mechanisms relating color-determining compounds to gene expression profiles were revealed. In the case of P. vulgaris flower color, hirsutin, rosinin, petunidin-, and cyanidin-type anthocyanins and the copigment herbacetin contributed to the blue coloration, whereas peonidin-, cyandin-, and delphinidin-type anthocyanins showed high accumulation levels in pink flowers. The color formation of blue and pink were mainly via the regulation of F3′5′H (c53168), AOMT (c47583, c44905), and 3GT (c50034). Yellow coloration was mainly due to gossypetin and carotenoid, which were regulated by F3H (c43100), F3 1 (c53714), 3GT (c53907) as well as many carotenoid biosynthetic pathway-related genes. Co-expression network and transient expression analysis suggested a potential direct link between flavonoid and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways through MYB transcription factor regulation. This work reveals that transcription changes influence physiological characteristics, and biochemistry characteristics, and subsequently results in flower coloration in P. vulgaris.
Highlights
Primula, a genus of ornamental perennial herbs, is one of the three most important garden plants because of the large number of varieties grown and the high income generated by the horticultural industry worldwide, and only Rhododendron and Rosa can compare with it (Richards, 1993)
Malvidin-type anthocyanin contributes to blue flowers, delphinidin-type anthocyanin to red flowers, malvidin- and delphinidin-type anthocyanins to lilac and violet flowers, and pelargonidin-type anthocyanin to orange flowers in Anagallis monelli (Freyre and Griesbach, 2004; Yamamizo et al, 2011), while the carotenoid content determines the brightness of the yellow color in P. vulgaris (Cao and Liang, 2008)
The parameter b∗ had a negative value in Blue Onstar” (BO) and the highest value in HL describing the blue color of BO and the yellow color of HL, respectively (Figure 3A)
Summary
A genus of ornamental perennial herbs, is one of the three most important garden plants because of the large number of varieties grown and the high income generated by the horticultural industry worldwide, and only Rhododendron and Rosa can compare with it (Richards, 1993). Flower Pigmentation in Primula vulgaris white, light pink, and black flowers, and they are currently available on the market (Karlsson, 2002). These flower colors are largely determined by the spatially and temporally restricted deposition of varieties of anthocyanins, flavonols, and carotenoids (Harborne, 1968; Freyre and Griesbach, 2004; Quintana et al, 2007; Yamamizo et al, 2011). Malvidin-type anthocyanin contributes to blue flowers, delphinidin-type anthocyanin to red flowers, malvidin- and delphinidin-type anthocyanins to lilac and violet flowers, and pelargonidin-type anthocyanin to orange flowers in Anagallis monelli (Freyre and Griesbach, 2004; Yamamizo et al, 2011), while the carotenoid content determines the brightness of the yellow color in P. vulgaris (Cao and Liang, 2008)
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