Characterization of Metabolic Changes under Low Mineral Supply (N, K, or Mg) and Supplemental LED Lighting (Red, Blue, or Red-Blue Combination) in Perilla frutescens Using a Metabolomics Approach.

Dong Ho Suh,Jwakyung Sung,Seulbi Lee,Jinyong Park,Eun Sung Jung,Yangmin X Kim,Choong Hwan Lee

doi:10.3390/molecules25204714

Abstract

In order to achieve premium quality with crop production, techniques involving the adjustment of nutrient supply and/or supplemental lighting with specific light quality have been applied. To examine the effects of low mineral supply and supplemental lighting, we performed non-targeted metabolite profiling of leaves and stems of the medicinal herb Perilla frutescens, grown under a lower (0.75×) and lowest (0.1×) supply of different minerals (N, K, or Mg) and under supplemental light-emitting diode (LED) lighting (red, blue, or red–blue combination). The lowest N supply increased flavonoids, and the lowest K or Mg slightly increased rosmarinic acid and some flavonoids in the leaves and stems. Supplemental LED lighting conditions (red, blue, or red–blue combination) significantly increased the contents of chlorophyll, most cinnamic acid derivatives, and rosmarinic acid in the leaves. LED lighting with either blue or the red–blue combination increased antioxidant activity compared with the control group without LED supplementation. The present study demonstrates that the cultivation of P. frutescens under low mineral supply and supplemental LED lighting conditions affected metabolic compositions, and we carefully suggest that an adjustment of minerals and light sources could be applied to enhance the levels of targeted metabolites in perilla.

Highlights

Perilla frutescens, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, is a native plant used as a dietary and medicinal herb in Southeast Asian countries such as Korea, China, and Japan, as well as other regions of Asia
The initial step of phenylpropanoid metabolism is mediated by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and this enzyme can release ammonium ions from phenylalanine and structures of cinnamic acid could contribute to increases in different phenolic compounds under
The lowest nitrogen supply caused large metabolite alterations in primary and secondary metabolism compared with the other mineral conditions; the lowest N supply increased some flavonoid contents by a factor of up to 5

Summary

Introduction

Perilla frutescens, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, is a native plant used as a dietary and medicinal herb in Southeast Asian countries such as Korea, China, and Japan, as well as other regions of Asia. The leaves of P. frutescens have been used as a traditional herbal medicine to treat numerous disorders, such as asthma, cough, colds, and allergies [1]. Many researchers carried out substantial investigations into the phytochemistry of P. frutescens. Various edible or medicinal plants were cultivated in greenhouses under controlled environmental conditions because this is a way to increase the yield and improve the nutritional value. To control the quality of cultivated plants in a greenhouse, various environmental factors can be adjusted to regulate plant metabolism, while these factors can cause stress to plants [6]

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