Abstract
We discuss the characterization of magnetic core–shell nanoparticles by describing typical experimental techniques applied to nanoparticle characterization, in addition to more specialized atomic-scale and element-specific characterization techniques which provide in-depth insight to the origin and nature of the magnetism of core–shell nanoparticles. To demonstrate how a clear understanding of the total magnetism of the core–shell nanoparticle is obtained through the characterization techniques presented, we discuss how the magnetism of core–shell nanoparticles made of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) cores and transition metal and metal oxide shells and identify how the overall nanoparticle magnetism is altered substantially by the interface, an extremely difficult region to characterize within the core–shell nanoparticle, which is critically important to the magnetism.
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