Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of macroalgae (Cladophora rupestris, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Ulva intestinalis) and microalgae (Arthrospira platensis (Sp1, Sp2), Chlorella vulgaris) extracts, including micro- and macroelement transition to extract, antioxidant, antimicrobial properties, the concentrations of chlorophyll (-a, -b), and the total carotenoid concentration (TCC). In macroalgae, the highest TCC and chlorophyll content were found in C. rupestris. In microalgae, the TCC was 10.1-times higher in C. vulgaris than in Sp1, Sp2; however, the chlorophyll contents in C. vulgaris samples were lower. A moderate negative correlation was found between the chlorophyll-a and TCC contents (r = −0.4644). In macroalgae extract samples, C. rupestris and F. lumbricalis showed the highest total phenolic compound content (TPCC). DPPH antioxidant activity and TPCC in microalgae was related to the TCC (r = 0.6191, r = 0.6439, respectively). Sp2 extracts inhibited Staphylococcus haemolyticus; C. rupestris, F. lumbricalis, U. intestinalis, and Sp2 extracts inhibited Bacillus subtilis; and U. intestinalis extracts inhibited Streptococcus mutans strains. This study showed that extraction is a suitable technology for toxic metal decontamination in algae; however, some of the desirable microelements are reduced during the extraction, and only the final products, could be applied in food, feed, and others.
Highlights
The increasing demand for natural ingredients for the food, feed, nutraceutical, and other industries has led to broader utilization of micro- and macroalgae as natural sources of valuable bioactive compounds
In a comparison of macroalgae samples, the highest total carotenoid concentration (TCC) was found in C. rupestris samples (1.26 mg/g)
With respect to the TCC in macroalgal samples, the highest TCC was found in C. rupestris samples (1.26 mg/g), and in comparison with microalgal samples, C. vulgaris showed the highest concentration of TCC (1.52 mg/g)
Summary
The increasing demand for natural ingredients for the food, feed, nutraceutical, and other industries has led to broader utilization of micro- and macroalgae as natural sources of valuable bioactive compounds. Marine macroalgae is a good alternative to replace terrestrial biomass because it does not compete with plants for uses as food and (or) in feed preparation, and it does not require special resources to accumulate biomass [4]. For this reason, different technologies are used to valorise macroalgae biomass, and different varieties of macroalgae are used to prepare extracts, which are being studied with the prospect of their use in the food, feed, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries [5]. Cladophora species (Chlorophyta) are a good source of chlorophylls (a and b) and carotenoids, including lutein, β-carotene, and zeaxanthin [8]. Nazarudin et al [7] reported a chlorophyll b concentration of
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