Abstract
Botryosphaeria dieback is one of the most prevalent grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), and is caused by fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Fungi invade grapevine vascular systems mainly through pruning wounds, and cause cankers and necrotic lesions, which lead to grapevine decline and death. Lasiodiplodia theobromae has been reported as a highly virulent pathogen of grapevine, and was previously reported in Mexican vineyards. The taxonomy of Lasiodiplodia was recently revised, adding new species, and some were reduced to synonymy. This study aimed to characterize Lasio-diplodia producing grapevine dieback symptoms in Sonora and Baja California, Mexico. Using the phylogenetic markers tef1-α and ITS regions, Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis, L. crassispora, L. exigua, and L. gilanensis were identified. Lasidiplodia exigua was the most prevalent species. Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis and L. gilanensis were very virulent to ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ plants, while L. exigua and L. gilanensis were less virulent, and L. crassispora did not produce lesions at 2 months post-inoculation. The optimum temperature of the Lasiodiplodia spp. was 28°C, but all four species grew up to 37°C, and the isolates of L. exigua grew slowly at 40°C. This is the first report of the four of Lasio-diplodia species in vineyards of Mexico.
Highlights
In Baja California and Sonora, Mexico, grapes are one of the most economically important fruit crops (García-Robles et al, 2007; GonzálezAndrade, 2015)
More than 30 species in the Botryosphaeriaceae have been associated with Botryosphaeria grapevine dieback, and these are in Botryosphaeria, Diplodia, Dothiorella, Lasiodiplodia, Neoscytalidium, Neofusicoccum, Sphaeropsis, and Spencermartinsia (Úrbez-Torres, 2011; Rolshausen et al, 2013; Stempien et al, 2017; Gramaje et al, 2018)
This study encompassed ten vineyards in the main grape-growing areas of the States of Baja California and Sonora, from which 35 samples from grapevines exhibiting Botryosphaeria dieback symptoms were taken from trunks and branches (Figure 1)
Summary
In Baja California and Sonora, Mexico, grapes are one of the most economically important fruit crops (García-Robles et al, 2007; GonzálezAndrade, 2015). Botryosphaeria dieback is a degenerative wood disease caused by Botryosphaeriaceae fungi, this disease has cosmopolitan distribution and predominates in warm climate regions (Úrbez-Torres, 2011; Gramaje et al, 2018) Fungi in this family are known as opportunistic or latent plant pathogens, as they can remain endophytic for long periods in host tissues without causing symptoms (Slippers et al, 2007). The main symptoms caused by these fungi are vascular discolouration and perennial cankers in host plant vascular bundles, by occlusion of xylem and phloem, which leads to the death of branches and eventually of entire plants This disease is distinguished from Eutypa dieback because it is not known to cause particular foliar symptoms (Úrbez-Torres, 2011; Bertsch et al, 2013; Billones-Baaijens and Savocchia, 2019). Incidence of symptoms caused by this group of fungi has greatly increased in recent years, especially in young vineyards (Gramaje and Armengol, 2011; Gispert et al, 2020)
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