Characterization of ionically crosslinked alginate films: Effect of different anion-based metal cations on the improvement of water-resistant properties

Abstract

In general, calcium ions are widely used to crosslink alginate films for improved mechanical properties. But for the poor water resistance of the alginate films due to their hydrophilicity, various ion-crosslinking agents (CaCl 2 , FeCl 2 , FeCl 3 , and FeSO 4 ) were used to prepare alginate films, with an emphasis on cations (Ca 2+ , Fe 2+ , and Fe 3+ ) and anions (Cl − and SO 4 2− ) with different valences. Chemical, morphological, optical, and mechanical properties were evaluated to demonstrate their influences on ion-crosslinking. All crosslinked films exhibited higher tensile strength and lower elongation at break than the control alginate film. Optically, the films crosslinked with Fe ions showed a yellow appearance, while the CaCl 2 -crosslinked film showed no significant color difference from the alginate film. As for the water-resistant properties [moisture content, water solubility, water vapor permeability (WVP), and swelling index (SI)], the FeSO 4 -crosslinked film presented the lowest WVP value with the highest SI value than others, suggesting the possibility to WVP increase depending on the reaction time. Thus, we studied the effect of crosslinking time on the water resistance of films using CaCl 2 and FeSO 4 . The FeSO 4 -crosslinked film exhibited a significant decrease in WVP value with increased crosslinking time, an opposite trend from that of the CaCl 2 -crosslinked one. Because water vapor permeability is an important property of food packaging materials, FeSO 4 , which is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) but has rarely been studied as an ionic crosslinking agent for alginate, has a high potential to be used as such in alginate films. • Alginate was used as a polymer to produce biodegradable food packaging materials. • Three types of iron compounds (FeCl 2 , FeCl 3 , and FeSO 4 ) were used to crosslink alginate films. • FeSO 4 -crosslinked film indicated the lowest water vapor permeability compared to other films. • An increase in crosslinking time enhanced the water barrier properties of the FeSO 4 -crosslinked film. • FeSO 4 showed the greatest potential to replace CaCl 2 as a crosslinking agent of alginate film.