Characterization of industrial TNT in ammunition shells: An in-depth study of artificial aging effects using Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Abstract

In this study, we comprehensively investigated the degradation of industrial trinitrotoluene (TNT), focusing on the effects of aging and direct contact with steel surfaces, mirroring real-world usage conditions. While practical knowledge exists regarding this degradation, the existing literature lacks in-depth insights into the underlying processes. To address this gap, we conducted experiments using small steel samples, representative of military ammunition casings, which were coated with TNT and subjected to 30 days of heating at 75 °C under vacuum conditions. A subset of these samples was coated with a protective red alkyd paint. After the aging process, the TNT was carefully removed from the metal surfaces and subjected to a comprehensive analysis encompassing scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our results reveal a remarkable preservation of the chemical integrity of industrial TNT, even in the presence of thermal stress and direct steel contact. Although superficial changes were observed in the TNT's appearance, all analytical data consistently demonstrated the maintenance of its chemical composition. Notably, the sole change in composition was attributed to the presence of degradation products associated with the alkyd paint coating, rather than intrinsic TNT degradation. These findings underscore the negligible impact of degradation processes on TNT in scenarios involving the solid-phase thermal stress of TNT in direct contact with metal, significantly enhancing our understanding of TNT safety when packaged within steel artifacts—a common context in military ammunition.