Abstract
BackgroundHistone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in the regulation of gene expression, which is indispensable in plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. In Arabidopsis and rice, the molecular functions of HDACs have been well-described. However, systematic analysis of the HDAC gene family and gene expression in response to biotic and abiotic stresses has not been reported for sorghum.ResultsWe conducted a systematic analysis of the sorghum HDAC gene family and identified 19 SbHDACs mainly distributed on eight chromosomes. Phylogenetic tree analysis of SbHDACs showed that the gene family was divided into three subfamilies: RPD3/HDA1, SIR2, and HD2. Tissue-specific expression results showed that SbHDACs displayed different expression patterns in different tissues, indicating that these genes may perform different functions in growth and development. The expression pattern of SbHDACs under different stresses (high and low temperature, drought, osmotic and salt) and pathogen-associated molecular model (PAMPs) elf18, chitin, and flg22) indicated that SbHDAC genes may participate in adversity responses and biological stress defenses. Overexpression of SbHDA1, SbHDA3, SbHDT2 and SbSRT2 in Escherichia coli promoted the growth of recombinant cells under abiotic stress. Interestingly, we also showed that the sorghum acetylation level was enhanced when plants were under cold, heat, drought, osmotic and salt stresses. The findings will help us to understand the HDAC gene family in sorghum, and illuminate the molecular mechanism of the responses to abiotic and biotic stresses.ConclusionWe have identified and classified 19 HDAC genes in sorghum. Our data provides insights into the evolution of the HDAC gene family and further support the hypothesis that these genes are important for the plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses.
Highlights
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in the regulation of gene expression, which is indispensable in plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses
The 19 HDAC genes are distributed on nine chromosomes; chromosome 3 contains the largest number of HDAC genes (4), followed by chromosomes 9 and 10 (3), chromosomes 2, 4, and 6 each contain 2, chromosomes 5, 7, and 8 each contain 1, and chromosome 1 does not contain any HDAC genes (Fig. S1)
The results showed that sorghum mainly had the core cis-acting elements TATA and CAAT, as well as some elements related to stress, development, and plant hormone responses such as v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) binding site (MBS), Myelocytomatosis protein (MYC) elements, LTR elements and Dehydration-responsive element (DRE), ABA responsive element (ABRE) elements, P-box elements, and DRE1
Summary
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in the regulation of gene expression, which is indispensable in plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. An important type of epigenetic regulation, is one of the key regulators of gene expression in higher plants. HATs transfer the acetyl group of the acetyl-CoA to lysine residues at the end of histones to eliminate the positive charge and force the chromatin structure into a more elongated state, which is beneficial for transcription factor binding and is related to transcriptional activation of genes. Histone modification plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression; HATs promote gene expression, and HDACs inhibit gene expression
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