Characterization of heat transfer processes in a melt pool convection and vessel-creep experiment

Abstract

The results of an integral experiment on melt pool convection and vessel-creep deformation are presented and analyzed. The experiment is performed on a test facility, named Failure Of REactor VEssel Retention (FOREVER). The facility employs a 1/10-scaled 15Mo3-(German)-steel vessel of 400-mm diameter, 15-mm wall thickness and 750-mm height. A high-temperature (≃1300 °C) oxide melt is prepared in a SiC-crucible placed in a 50 kW induction furnace and is, then, poured into the 1/10th scale vessel. A MoSi 2 50 kW electric heater is employed in the melt pool to heat and maintain its temperature at 1200 °C. The vessel is pressurized with argon at the desired pressure. In the FOREVER/C1 experiment, the vessel wall, maintained at about 900 °C and pressurized to 26 bars, was subjected to creep deformation in a 24-h non-stop test. The FOREVER/C1 test is the first integral experiment, in which a decay-heated oxidic naturally-convecting melt pool was maintained in long-term contact with the hemispherical lower head of a pressurized, creeping, steel vessel. A sizeable database was obtained on melt pool temperatures, melt pool energy split, heat transfer rates, heat flux distribution on the melt (crust)–vessel contact surface, vessel temperatures and, in particular the vessel wall creep rate as a function of time. The paper provides information on the FOREVER/C1 measured thermal characteristics and analysis of the observed thermal behavior. The coupled nature of thermal and mechanical processes, as well as the effect of other system conditions (such as depressurization) on the melt pool and vessel temperature responses are analyzed.