Abstract
Despite a wealth of knowledge on Salmonella phages worldwide, little is known about poultry-associated Salmonella phages from Thailand. Here, we isolated 108 phages from Thai poultry farms that infect Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Phages STm101 and STm118 were identified as temperate Siphoviridae phages. Genome sequencing and analyses revealed these phages share approximately 96% nucleotide sequence similarity to phage SPN19, a member of the Chi-like virus genus. PCR amplification of the gene encoding capsid protein E of the Chi-like phage was positive for 50% of phage isolates, suggesting a predominance of this phage type among the sampled poultry farms. In addition to the flagella, two phages required the lipopolysaccharide to infect and lyse Salmonella. Furthermore, phylogenomic analysis demonstrated that phages STm101 and STm118 formed a monophyletic clade with phages isolated from Western countries, but not from closer isolated phages from Korea. However, further investigation and more phage isolates are required to investigate possible causes for this geographic distribution.
Highlights
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria, and play important roles in regulating abundance, diversity, and composition of bacterial communities [1]
10 μL of phage solution taken from a serial dilution was spotted onto a bacterial lawn containing 100 μL of mid-log phase bacterial culture mixed with 3 mL of 0.35% TSA supplemented with 5 mM CaCl2, and incubated overnight at 37 ◦ C
The Perl script used a “cluster of orthologous group” (COG) algorithm to identify and cluster sets of homologous protein sequences using an E-value threshold of 10−5
Summary
Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria, and play important roles in regulating abundance, diversity, and composition of bacterial communities [1]. A significant number of Salmonella phages have been isolated and characterized from diverse environments. This includes sequencing of complete genomes from a wide variety of dsDNA, tailed phages of the order. The Siphoviridae Salmonella phage χ (Chi) was first isolated by Sertic and Boulgakov in 1936 [17]. It is a flagellotropic phage and attaches to the flagella of motile bacteria as its primary receptor [17]. Over 50% of the phages were identified as members of the Chi-like genus, suggesting a predominance of this phage type within Thai poultry farms. Chi-like phages required the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for efficient host attachment and infection
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