Characterization of explosives by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization and parent‐ion scanning techniques

Abstract

AbstractAnalytical techniques for the detection of small amounts of explosives (in the picogram range) are now involved in various application. Some of them concern soil, water and air monitoring in order to face environmental problems related to improper handling procedures either in stocking or in wasting of the explosive products. Other areas are strictly related to forensic analysis of samples coming either from explosion areas where the matrix is various (metal, glass, wood, scraps), or from explosives transportation related to international terrorism. Generally speaking, for these applications the bulk of the matrix seriously interferes in the detection of the explosive analyte, which is usually present at trace levels. Unfortunately, despite some improvements, analytical techniques developed up today in this domain are still faced to two main constraints: the introduction of new products with unanticipated chemico‐physical properties and the requirement of a routine and fast analytical method which can handle any matrix with a minimal clean‐up and performing a sensitivity compatible either with the ever‐decreasing demanded detection limit and with the ever‐decreasing available specimen amount. These requirements can be fulfilled now by the new LC‐MS and LC‐MSMS techniques: mass spectrometry (MS) is likely an universal detector but even specific, especially when implemented in tandem MS (MSMS); LC is by far the most suitable technique to handle such a kind of compounds. Moreover, of a particular concern are some explosives which are reported to be thermally stable but difficult to dissolve. Some of the experiments on characterization of explosives [Octagen (HMX), Ethyleneglycol dinitrate (EGDN), Exogen (RDX), Propanetriol trinitrate (NG), Trinitrotoluene (TNT), N‐Methyl‐N‐tetranitrobenzenamine (TETRYL), Dintrotoluene (DNT), Bis‐(nitrooxy‐methyl) propanediol dinitrate (PETN), Hexanitrostilbene (HNS), Triazido‐trinitrobenzene (TNTAB), Tetranitro‐acridone (TENAC), Hexa‐nitrodiphenylamine (HEXYL), Nitroguanidine (NQ)] by LC‐MS and LC‐MSMS with the API‐IonSpray source and using the Parent‐Scan technique are presented.