Abstract
In Agadir, a water-scarce Moroccan region, municipal and industrial wastewater is tertiary-treated to be reused in golf courses. Wastewater reuse has been constrained by severe clogging of emitters, which caused technical and financial problems. This study aimed to perform an in-depth characterization of the treated wastewater (TWW) in relation to its susceptibility to cause clogging, and to assess the capacity of an aeration post-treatment to reduce the clogging potential. The post-treatment consisted of injecting different airflows (0-33 L/(h Lreactor) into the TWW. The structural, morphological and elemental composition of the clogging matter collected in the irrigation pipeline was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. The 15-day aeration post-treatment at 16.5 L/(h Lreactor) presented the best cost-benefit ratio. Organic matter was totally degraded. Calcium was reduced by 9%, bicarbonates by 54%. The analysis of the deposits induced by the aeration post-treatment revealed a relevant decrease of the major constituents of the clogging deposits found in the irrigation pipeline. The results show the effectiveness of post-aeration in biodegrading residual organic matter and precipitating several salts, thus reducing the clogging potential.
Highlights
Wastewater reuse for irrigation has been applied worldwide due to its diverse benefits (Benlouali et al ; Frascari et al ; Pinelli et al ), but it has been limited by technical problems due mainly to clogging of emitters
Characterization of the clogging matter collected from the irrigation pipeline
Surface morphology of the material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray mapping
Summary
Wastewater reuse for irrigation has been applied worldwide due to its diverse benefits (Benlouali et al ; Frascari et al ; Pinelli et al ), but it has been limited by technical problems due mainly to clogging of emitters. As clogging is closely related to water quality, this work focuses on evaluating aeration post-treatment effect on treated wastewater (TWW). The objectives of this work were (a) to characterize both the TWW and the clogging deposits, in order to gain a better understanding of the clogging problem, and (b) to study the effect of an aeration post-treatment on TWW quality and on the reduction of the clogging potential. The in-depth characterization of the clogging deposits and the identification of a suitable post-treatment for the agricultural reuse of a highly saline mixture of municipal and industrial wastewater originating mainly from fish industries, whereas the large majority of the studies on this topic focus only on municipal wastewater, or on effluents with less advanced treatments (Liu & Huang ). Iv. the characterization of the clogging deposits formed in a sprinkler-based irrigation system, whereas the large majority of the studies on this topic deal with drip irrigation systems
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