Characterization of CL-20/HMX cocrystallization and its effects on GAP-based propellants during thermal aging process

Abstract

The incorporation of HMX and CL-20 as component particles can greatly improve the energy efficiency of composite propellants. Nevertheless, the occurrence of cocrystallization arises when HMX and CL-20 exists together. Further investigation is needed to determine the effects of the CL-20/HMX cocrystallization on the aging features of the propellants. The present study examines the evolutionary trends and effects of the CL-20/HMX cocrystal on the process of solid propellant aging. Experimental thermal aging studies were carried out on GAP-based composite propellants at temperatures of 60 °C/180-day and 70 °C/90-day. An investigation of density bottle, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and uniaxial tensile testing were performed on the samples. The results indicate that the cocrystallization behaviours of CL-20/HMX undergo three distinct stages during propellant aging. The reaction rate accelerates most during the middle aging stage. As the GAP-based propellant ages, the recently developed cocrystal structure deteriorates the interfacial characteristics between the propellant particles and the matrix, leading to the formation of cavities inside the material. This will further enhance the decrease in elastic modulus, ultimate strength, and maximum elongation of the propellants. Among them, the most notable distinction from the aging behaviours of propellants without the addition of particles is the increase of the elastic modulus. Furthermore, a strong linear correlation was observed between variation of the elastic modulus and the cocrystal content of CL-20/HMX. This correlation offers a reliable indicator for monitoring the extent of cocrystallization phenomena.