Abstract
CAHs, as a cleaning solvent, widely contaminated shallow groundwater with the development of manufacturing in China's Yangtze River Delta. This study focused on the distribution of CAHs, and correlations between CAHs and environmental variables in a shallow groundwater in Shanghai, using kriging interpolation and multifactorial analysis. The results showed that the overall CAHs plume area (above DIV) was approximately 9,000 m2 and located in the 2–4 m underground, DNAPL was accumulated at an area of approximately 1,400 m2 and located in the 6-8m sandy silt layer on the top of the muddy silty clay. Heatmap of PPC for CAHs and environmental variables showed that the correlation between “Fe2+” and most CAHs such as “1,1,1-TCA”, “1,1-DCA”, “1,1-DCE” and “%TCA” were significantly positive (p<0.001), but “%CA” and/or “%VC” was not, and “Cl-” was significantly positive correlated with “1,1-DCA” and “1,1-DCE” (p<0.001). The PCA demonstrated that the relative proportions of CAHs in groundwater were mostly controlled by the sources and the natural attenuation. In conclusion, the combination of geographical and chemometrics was helpful to establishing an aerial perspective of CAHs and identifying reasons for the accumulation of toxic dechlorination intermediates, and could become a useful tool for characterizing contaminated sites in general.
Highlights
With the development of manufacturing in China's Yangtze River Delta, processing enterprises have exposed a large number of enterprise-situ soil and groundwater contamination incidentsPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0142241 November 13, 2015Characterization of CAHS and Environmental Variables in a GroundwaterShanghai Municipal Education Commission (14ZZ059), Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (222201313008, 222201516015), the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission (15DZ1205804)
Ranging between 0.8 m and 4.0 m in thickness, and this layer was not continuous across the whole site as both conducting cone penetration test (CPT) and field observation indicated the lack of sandy silt layers in some locations
Kriging was used to establish an aerial perspective of the concentrations of 5 chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) (1,1,1-TCA, 1,1-DCA, 1,1-DCE, CA and vinyl chloride (VC)) within five sampling zones
Summary
With the development of manufacturing in China's Yangtze River Delta, processing enterprises have exposed a large number of enterprise-situ soil and groundwater contamination incidentsPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0142241 November 13, 2015Characterization of CAHS and Environmental Variables in a GroundwaterShanghai Municipal Education Commission (14ZZ059), Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (222201313008, 222201516015), the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission (15DZ1205804). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
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