Characterization of cement–slime mixture using time domain reflectometry

Abstract

This study explores the electromagnetic characteristics of five cement–slime mixtures using two types of time domain reflectometry sensors. For 28 days of curing, compressive strength tests are conducted and electromagnetic signals are measured. The electromagnetic wave velocity and corresponding apparent permittivity are calculated, and the relationships between these properties and the compressive strengths of the mixtures are established. Results show that in the initial curing period, capturing the apparent permittivity using a conventional probe proves difficult due to the high electrical conductivity of the mixtures. In contrast, an insulated electrical wire can detect reflected signals across all slime ratios, but it exhibits less sensitivity to changes in the electromagnetic signal. The apparent permittivity decreases exponentially over the curing time, influenced by the hydration process. Strong correlations are found between the apparent permittivities derived from both sensors and between decreasing apparent permittivity and increasing compressive strength.