Abstract
GNSS signals arriving at receivers at the surface of the Earth are weak and easily susceptible to interference and jamming. In this paper, the impact of jamming on the reference station in carrier phase-based relative baseline solutions is examined. Several scenarios are investigated in order to assess the robustness of carrier phase-based positioning towards jamming. Among others, these scenarios include a varying baseline length, the use of single- versus dual-frequency observations, and the inclusion of the Galileo and GLONASS constellations to a GPS only solution. The investigations are based on observations recorded at physical reference stations in the Danish TAPAS network during actual jamming incidents, in order to realistically evaluate the impact of real-world jamming on carrier phase-based positioning accuracy. The analyses performed show that, while there are benefits of using observations from several frequencies and constellations in positioning solutions, special care must be taken in solution processing. The selection of which GNSS constellations and observations to include, as well as when they are included, is essential, as blindly adding more jamming-affected observations may lead to worse positioning accuracy.
Highlights
Today, global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) are widely used for their capabilities within positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) for civilian and commercial as well as military purposes
real-time kinematic (RTK) (NRTK) positioning in the city of Aarhus in Denmark [24]
As with the STRIKE3 report [10], this study suggests that stations placed in areas with human activity see the majority of the jamming, and that the incidents in general are of short duration and low power
Summary
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) are widely used for their capabilities within positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) for civilian and commercial as well as military purposes This includes many critical purposes such as search and rescue (SAR), aviation, and autonomous vehicles. Small jammers, often referred to as personal privacy devices (PPDs), have received increased focus They appear to be widely used [3], and while meant to only block reception of the users’ own personal GNSS equipment, their range is often far longer than the users realize. RTK (NRTK) positioning in the city of Aarhus in Denmark [24] The GNSMART software from Geo++ is used to generate a virtual reference station (VRS) solution [25]
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