Abstract
In this work, the thermochemical analyses of dairy manure (DM), including the proximate analysis, ultimate (elemental) analysis, calorific value, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and inorganic elements, were studied to evaluate its potential for producing DM-based char (DMC) with high porosity. The results showed that the biomass should be an available precursor for producing biochar materials based on its high contents of carbon (42.63%) and volatile matter (79.55%). In order to characterize their pore properties, the DMC products produced at high pyrolysis temperatures (500–900°C) were analyzed using surface area and porosity analyzer, pycnometer, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The values of pore properties for the DMC products increased with an increase in pyrolysis temperature, leading to more pore development and condensed aromatic cluster at elevated temperatures. Because of the microporous and mesoporous structures from the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms with the hysteresis loops (H4 type), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of the optimal biochar (DMC-900) was about 360 m2/g, which was higher than the data reported in the literature. The highly porous structure was also seen from the SEM observations. More significantly, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the optimal DMC product showed a high value of 57.5 ± 16.1 cmol/kg. Based on the excellent pore and chemical properties, the DMC product could be used as an effective amendment and/or adsorbent for the removal of pollutants from the soil media and/or fluid streams.
Highlights
Since the Kyoto Protocol adopted on 11 December 1997, humans are beginning to actively focus on mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because it is irreversibly changing the planet’s ecosystems via global warming
Because the temperature has been shown to be the most important process parameter in the pyrolysis experiments [11,24], the DM-based char (DMC) products were produced at higher pyrolysis temperatures
The contents of inorganic elements in the biochar precursor (i.e., dairy manure (DM)) will be important for various reasons, including soil fertility and contamination when reusing it as an organic fertilizer, and slagging and fouling as it was burned in boilers
Summary
Since the Kyoto Protocol adopted on 11 December 1997, humans are beginning to actively focus on mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because it is irreversibly changing the planet’s ecosystems via global warming In this regard, the livestock sector plays a significant role in the globally anthropogenic emissions of GHG, including carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), and nitrous oxide (N2 O) [1]. In order to mitigate GHG emissions and upgrade the recycling of nutrients and lignocellulosic sources, the thermochemical processes (e.g., pyrolysis) can convert cattle manure into renewable chemicals like char or biochar [3] This manure treatment can gain several positive benefits, including GHG emission reduction, biomass nutrients recycling, biofuels and carbon materials production, and waste management without public health concerns [4]
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