Characterization of beam patterns of bottlenose dolphin in the transverse plane

Abstract

The characteristics of the absolute auditory sensitivity of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus p.) in the transverse plane have been measured using short broad-band stimuli simulating dolphin clicks (with energy maximum at frequencies 8, 16, 30, 50 and 100 kHz). Experiments were performed using the method of conditioned reflexes with food reinforcement. It was shown that, in the frequency range of 8-30 kHz, the absolute sensitivity of dolphin hearing in any ventral and lateral directions of the transverse plane is only by 2-8 dB worse than in the nasal direction. Moreover, it is approximately by 25-30 dB better than at frequencies of 50-100 kHz. At frequencies of 8-30 kHz, a pronounced dorsoventral asymmetry has been observed. In this frequency range, it reaches approximately 15-18 dB whereas at frequencies of 50-100 kHz, this asymmetry decreases to 2-3 dB. In the dorsal direction, the auditory sensitivity is by 18 dB worse than in the nasal one at frequencies of around 8 kHz, and the difference rises smoothly to 33 dB at frequencies of about 100 kHz. At frequencies of 50-100 kHz, the acoustical thresholds of the cross-section plane in comparison with thresholds for the with nasal direction get worse almost uniformly in all directions by 25-33 dB. As a result, in the transversal plane, the beam patterns have a nearly circular form, unlike the patterns at frequencies of 8-30 kHz. The results are discussed in terms of the model of sound perception through the left and right mental foramens. The biological expediency of the asymmetry is emphasized.