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Abstract
The Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, playing a significant role in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In females, AMH is secreted throughout their reproductive life span from ovaries, whereas in males it is secreted by gonadal cells at a very early stage of testicular development. AMH is a promising marker of ovarian reserve in women and can be used to measure the female reproductive lifespan. In the present study, we cloned and sequenced the GC rich AMH gene from Indian riverine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and goat (Capra hircus). Obtained sequences were compared to the AMH sequences of other mammals, and corresponding amino acid sequences revealed that the caprine and bovine AMH sequences are more closely related to each other than to those of other mammals. Furthermore, we analyzed the chromosomal localization of AMH genes in mammalian species to understand potential syntenic relationship. The AMH gene is localized between the sequences for the SF3A and JSRP1 genes and maintains this precise location in relation to other nearby genes. The dN/dS ratio of AMH gene did not indicate any pressure for either positive or negative selection; thus, the physiological function of the AMH gene in the reproduction of these two ruminant species remains very vital. Similar to other mammals, the AMH gene may be an important indicator for regulating female reproductive biology function in bovine, cetacean, caprine, and camelidae.
Highlights
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), known as Müllerian-Inhibiting Substance (MIS), is a wellstudied regulatory molecule impacting on reproductive function, and has studied in male sexual differentiation during early embryonic development
The Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) gene corresponding to 1728 base pairs was amplified from cDNA of Indian riverine buffalo and goat granulosa cells
AMH plays a vital role in mammalian female reproduction, especially in follicular growth and differentiation; its expression is restricted to granulosa cells of adult ovaries
Summary
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), known as Müllerian-Inhibiting Substance (MIS), is a wellstudied regulatory molecule impacting on reproductive function, and has studied in male sexual differentiation during early embryonic development. AMH is synthesized by fetal Sertoli cells at the time of testicular differentiation and induces regression of the Mullerian ducts that form the base for the development of the oviducts, uterus and upper part of the vagina in males [1]. Serum AMH concentration increases significantly until puberty, followed by a slow decline throughout the rest of life [3]. This decline has been attempted to be modeled by a variety of approaches, with a cubic model resulting in the best fit model that delineates the change of plasma AMH level with the advancement of age in cattle and goats [4,5,6]. AMH levels are increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) [11, 12]; this question, with particular reference to anestrus and repeat breeding, has not yet been studied in farm animals
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