Abstract
We examine the propagation of optical beams possessing different polarization states and spatial modes through the Ottawa River in Canada. A Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is used to record the distorted beam's wavefront. The turbulence in the underwater channel is analysed, and associated Zernike coefficients are obtained in real-time. Finally, we explore the feasibility of transmitting polarization states as well as spatial modes through the underwater channel for applications in quantum cryptography.
Highlights
There are several different methods employed today for communicating underwater
We examine the propagation of optical beams possessing different polarization states and spatial modes through the Ottawa River in Canada
We explore the transmission of polarization states of light and spatial modes of light through the underwater channel for quantum cryptography applications
Summary
The most widely used method is acoustic, capable of transmitting information over many kilometres [1]; the transmission rate is on the order of kilobits per second, limited by the speed of sound in water as well as the modulation rate of acoustic signals [2]. A second method is to use radio-frequency (RF) signals, which can be incorporated into current communication networks. This technique is limited to communication distances on the order of several meters due to high absorption in water at radio frequencies. Both the acoustic and RF implementations suffer from the necessity of bulky and expensive equipment for both transmitting and receiving signals. In [6], a data rate of 20 Mbps, at a distance of 200 m, has been experimentally achieved
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