Characterization of acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus populations infesting cattle in northeastern India and assessment of local plant extracts for tick management

Abstract

In the present study, the tick isolates were collected from Assam state, of northeastern region (NER) and characterized using in vitro bioassay, biochemical and molecular assays. Comparing LC50 value of susceptible IVRI-I and larvae of field isolates, revealed that RF against deltamethrin was highest for Morigaon (MGN = 21.8) and lowest for Sonitpur (SNP = 3.3) isolate. The RF against cypermethrin was highest for Nagaon (NGO = 5.0) and lowest for Barpeta (BPT = 1.2) isolate. Against coumaphos, the highest RF of 4.5 was calculated for BPT (4.5) and lowest for NGO (1.3) isolate. While using adults based assay, highest RF of 24.68 against deltamethrin and lowest RF of 4.96 was determined for MGN and SNP isolate, respectively. In contrast to the results obtained using larvae, against cypermethrin, highest RF was recorded for Kamrup Metropolitan (KMP) while it was NGO isolate using larvae. In case of coumaphos, both larvae and adults of BPT isolate were also highly resistant and lowest RF was detected in SNP (2.30) isolate. All the isolates were susceptible to ivermectin. A significant correlation (p < 0.01) between deltamethrin resistance and higher expression of glutathioneS-transferase was observed while no correlation with esterase and monooxygenase enzymes activity was noted. For the development of possible ecofriendly control measure, different accessions of Argemone mexicana and Datura metel plant species were collected, extracted and screened against adult ticks. Two accessions, NEA-03 and NED-06 collected from Amlighat and Diphu (East Karbi Anglong) were more than 90 % effective. Further dose response study of these accessions determined the LC50 values of 4.86 and 3.96 %, respectively.The resistance status of the collected tick isolates was compared with the data generated from other regions having higher livestock population and possibility of exploitation of identified plant species for the development of natural antitick product is discussed.