Abstract
Problem statement: The emission of pollutants from landfill sites in Kuwait is of major concern due to the associated adverse environmental and health impacts. There are 18 landfill sites in Kuwait which are contributing to the emission of atmospheric pollutants including; methane, carbon dioxide and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Approach: Determine the concentration and composition of VOCs in LFG emissions from two major landfill sites in Kuwait and to investigate the influence of the "In-Situ Aerobic Stabilization" on the reduction of VOCs emission. VOCs samples were collected during an intensive, short-term field sampling campaign conducted in 2010 where 50 individual volatile organic compounds were identified and quantified in landfill gas samples collected from the two landfill sites and the Project Area. Results: The concentration levels of VOCs were found to be significantly different within the same landfill site; however, the average total VOCs emissions were comparable between the two landfill sites. Concentration of total VOCs (i.e., sum of 50 compounds) in LFG emissions varied between 9.4-67.2 ppm in Jleeb Al-Shuyoukh landfill site and from 15.4-57.7 ppm in Al-Qurain landfill site. Annual emissions of the well-known five VOCs (i.e., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-, o- and p-xylenes and styrene) were also computed for each vent pipe from Jleeb Al-Shuyoukh landfill using the measured average concentrations and LFG flow rates. The results, if calculated in terms of the average ΣBTEX+S quantity emitted per vent pipe per year, showed that the magnitude of ΣBTEX+S emissions ranged between 0.108 -11.686 g y−1. Conclusion: The results of this pilot project demonstrated that the “in-situ aerobic stabilization method” applied on old solid waste deposits in the project area of Jleeb Al-Shuyoukh landfill can significantly reduce the average VOCs concentration in LFG emissions from high-productivity wells in the project area down to (6.3±1.6 ppm), whereas VOCs concentration in LFG emissions from high-productivity wells in Jleeb Al-Shuyoukh landfill and Al-Qurain landfill sites remained relatively high, 57.1±6.95 and 49.8±11.2 ppm, respectively.
Highlights
After placement of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) in landfills; many biological, chemical and physical processes start to take place which would gradually lead to the emission of Landfill Gas (LFG) to air and leachates through ground (Awomeso et al, 2010; Williams, 2005)
Composition and concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in LFG: Figure 6 and 7 compare the average concentrations of individual VOCs (50 compounds) measured in LFG samples collected from the different boreholes in the two landfill sites
Concentrations of total VOCs ranged from as low as 1.3±0.5 ppm in wells located in native soil areas up to 57.1±6.9 ppm and 49.8±11.2 in wells of highproductivity areas in both of Jleeb Al-Shuyoukh and Al-Qurain landfill sites, respectively
Summary
After placement of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) in landfills; many biological, chemical and physical processes start to take place which would gradually lead to the emission of Landfill Gas (LFG) to air and leachates through ground (Awomeso et al, 2010; Williams, 2005). Gas production begins within a year of waste placement and may continue for as long as 50 years after landfill closure. Landfill Gas (LFG) consists usually of 50-60% CH4, 30-40 vol %CO2 and other trace gases (Wang-Yao et al, 2006). Non-Methane Organic Compounds (NMOCs) usually make up less than 1% of landfill gas. Various trace gases such as hydrogen sulfide, water vapor, ammonia and a variety of volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are present in LFG. European research has identified that landfill gas is composed of 140 trace components of which 90 were common to all studied landfill sites (Parker et al, 2002)
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