Characterization, Comparison of Four New Mitogenomes of Centrotinae (Hemiptera: Membracidae) and Phylogenetic Implications Supports New Synonymy.

Ruitao Yu,Christopher H Dietrich,Leining Feng,Xiangqun Yuan

doi:10.3390/life12010061

Abstract

To explore the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Centrotinae from the mitochondrial genome data, four complete mitogenomes (Anchon lineatus, Anchon yunnanensis, Gargara genistae and Tricentrus longivalvulatus) were sequenced and analyzed. All the newly sequenced mitogenomes contain 37 genes. Among the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of the Centrotinae mitogenomes, a sliding window analysis and the ratio of Ka/Ks suggest that atp8 is a relatively fast evolving gene, while cox1 is the slowest. All PCGs start with ATN, except for nad5 (start with TTG), and stop with TAA or the incomplete stop codon T, except for nad2 and cytb (terminate with TAG). All tRNAs can fold into the typical cloverleaf secondary structure, except for trnS1, which lacks the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. The BI and ML phylogenetic analyses of concatenated alignments of 13 mitochondrial PCGs among the major lineages produce a well-resolved framework. Phylogenetic analyses show that Membracoidea, Smiliinae and Centrotinae, together with tribes Centrotypini and Leptobelini are recovered as well-supported monophyletic groups. The tribe Gargarini (sensu Wallace et al.) and its monophyly are supported.

Highlights

Membracidae (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Membracoidea) is a relatively large and widespread family within the superfamily Membracoidea, currently comprising approximately 3450 species, 428 genera and 9 subfamilies worldwide
Among the 4 complete mitogenomes of Centrotinae, A. yunnanensis had the smallest mitogenome at 14,775 bp, while A. lineatus had the largest at 16,218 bp
The complete mitogenomes of A. lineatus, A. yunnanensis, G. genistae and T. longivalvulatus are newly sequenced in this study, and the structural characteristics and nucleotide compositions are found to be similar to those of other Membracoidea species as well as to the hypothetical ancestral insect mitogenome

Summary

Introduction

Membracidae (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Membracoidea) is a relatively large and widespread family within the superfamily Membracoidea, currently comprising approximately 3450 species, 428 genera and 9 subfamilies worldwide. Centrotinae, the largest and the only cosmopolitan subfamily, comprises nearly 1350 species and 216 genera. These taxa above are mainly distributed in the New World, while a buffalo treehopper species, Stictocephala bisonia (Kopp & Yonke, 1977), is currently widespread in Europe and Asia after being introduced by accident [1,2,3]. The recent anchored hybrid-based phylogenomic analysis of Membracoidea [12] recovered Centrotinae as a monophyletic group with strong support and suggested that Centrotinae arose in the New World and later colonized the Old World.

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Results

Conclusion