Abstract
The bioactive and anti-bacterial Cu-based bioceramic TiO2 coatings have been fabricated on cp-Ti (Grade 2) by two-steps. These two-steps combine micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and physical vapor deposition–thermal evaporation (PVD-TE) techniques for dental implant applications. As a first step, all surfaces of cp-Ti substrate were coated by MAO technique in an alkaline electrolyte, consisting of Na3PO4 and KOH in de-ionized water. Then, as a second step, a copper (Cu) nano-layer with 5 nm thickness was deposited on the MAO by PVD-TE technique. Phase structure, morphology, elemental amounts, thickness, roughness and wettability of the MAO and Cu-based MAO coating surfaces were characterized by XRD (powder- and TF-XRD), SEM, EDS, eddy current device, surface profilometer and contact angle goniometer, respectively. The powder- and TF-XRD spectral analyses showed that Ti, TiO2, anatase-TiO2 and rutile-TiO2 existed on the MAO and Cu-based MAO coatings’ surfaces. All coatings’ surfaces were porous and rough, owing to the presence of micro sparks through MAO. Furthermore, the surface morphology of Cu-based MAO was not changed. Also, the Cu-based MAO coating has more hydrophilic properties than the MAO coating. In vitro bioactivity and in vitro antibacterial properties of the coatings have been investigated by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 36.5 °C for 28 days and bacterial adhesion for gram-positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria, respectively. The apatite layer was formed on the MAO and Cu-based MAO surfaces at post-immersion in SBF and therefore, the bioactivity of Cu-based MAO surface was increased to the MAO surface. Also, for S. aureus and E. coli, the antibacterial properties of Cu-based MAO coatings were significantly improved compared to one of the uncoated MAO surfaces. These results suggested that Cu-based MAO coatings on cp-Ti could be a promising candidate for biomedical dental implant applications.
Highlights
Pure titanium materials are preferred for dental implant applications, owing to its low density, low elastic modulus, low thermal conductivity, non-magnetic properties, high specific strength, corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, fracture resistance and fatigue resistance and biocompatibility [1,2,3]
Coatings were significantly improved compared to one of the uncoated micro-arc oxidation (MAO) surfaces. These results suggested that Cu-based MAO coatings on Commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) could be a promising candidate for biomedical dental implant applications
A novel Cu-based TiO2 coating has been produced on cp-Ti surfaces by using combined two-step MAO and physical vapor deposition–thermal evaporation (PVD-TE) methods for dental implant applications
Summary
Pure titanium (cp-Ti) materials are preferred for dental implant applications, owing to its low density, low elastic modulus (closer to that of bone), low thermal conductivity, non-magnetic properties, high specific strength, corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, fracture resistance and fatigue resistance and biocompatibility [1,2,3]. It is well-known that titanium has corrosion resistant and biocompatibility properties. Bioactive ceramics such as HA or TiO2 on titanium were coated to enhance bioactivity [9,10]
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