Abstract
Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacquin) kernel cake protein (PKCP) was extracted and hydrolyzed using Alcalase® 2.4L to obtain hydrolysate (PKCPH), then fractionated using size exclusion chromatography. PKCPH consisted of predominantly fraction one (PKCPH1), containing two peptides (4.9 kDa and 6.3 kDa) with functional amide (6.75–7.04 ppm) and amine (1.5–2.0 ppm) groups. PKCP and PKCPH shared similar amino acid profiles. PKCPH1 had moderate amounts of hydrophobic (23.60%) and antioxidant (26.10%) amino acids, with high hydrophobicity index (Ho 79.60), thus exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity in mostly all the antioxidant assays. On the other hand, fraction two, PKCPH2 (58.8 kDa), possessed strong angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity (77.29%), but undetectable antioxidant activity. Furthermore, high viability (87–92%) and negligible cytotoxic activity were revealed with the highest dosages of PKCPH (2 mg/mL) and PKCPH1 (1 mg/mL) in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Salmonella reverse mutation (AMES), alkaline comet and micronucleus (MNi) assays. Besides, in vivo acute oral toxicity test on PKCPH using Sprague Dawley albino rats showed negative outcome according to the consistent body and organ weights as well as normal morbidity. In short, PKCPH is safe for potential applications in the formulation of functional food and nutraceutical products with health benefits.
Highlights
Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) oil milling industry is one of the major contributors of Malaysian agriculture sector and gross domestic product
The mixture was incubated in a water bath shaker at 51.5 °C for 60 min, the hydrolysis was terminated by thermic shock (100 °C, 10 min)
Results showed that the PKCPH composed of high concentration of peptides that were smaller than 7.1 kDa, and trace amounts of larger size proteins which were observed as tiny peaks in the chromatogram and a hazy smear in the gel-like image
Summary
Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) oil milling industry is one of the major contributors of Malaysian agriculture sector and gross domestic product. The growing production of palm oil indicates the increasing production of agricultural wastes or by-products, such as empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm oil milling effluent (POME) and palm kernel cake (PKC). According to a previous study (Ng & Mohd Khan, 2012), extractability of palm kernel cake protein was optimized using an alkaline extraction technique or pH shift method and achieved up to 68.50% mass of the total soluble matter. This substantial amount of extractable protein in PKC could be one of the potential sources of plant-based protein
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