Abstract
Autologous blood products, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), are gaining increasing interest in different fields of regenerative medicine. Although growth factors, the main components of PRP, are thought to stimulate reparation processes, the exact mechanism of action and main effectors of PRP are not fully understood. Plasma contains a high amount of extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by different cells, including anucleated platelets. Platelet-derived EVs (PL-EVs) are the most abundant type of EVs in circulation. Numerous advantages of PL-EVs, including their ability to be released locally, their ease of travel through the body, their low immunogenicity and tumourigenicity, the modulation of signal transduction as well as the ease with which they can be obtained, has attracted increased attention n. This review focuses briefly on the biological characteristics and isolation methods of PL-EVs, including exosomes derived from platelets (PL-EXOs), and their involvement in the pathology of diseases. Evidence that shows how PL-EVs can be used as a novel tool in medicine, particularly in therapeutic and regenerative medicine, is also discussed in this review.
Highlights
In addition to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), PL-extracellular vesicles (EVs) increased the gene expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase in umbilical cord-derived MSCs in vitro [150]. These results suggest that Platelet-derived EVs (PL-EVs) could potentially prolong the lifespan of MSCs, but this statement needs to be definitively verified in vivo
The results of pre-clinical research are encouraging, as PL-EVs might be both the key part of the mechanism in tissue regeneration induced by blood derived products, especially
PL-EVs were identified as procoagulant particles released by activated platelets, today, it is known that these extracellular particles from anuclear platelets are capable of regulating the transcription, RNA stability, translation and metabolism of their target cells
Summary
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) represents a well-known autologous derivative of whole blood with favourable immune, haemostatic and regenerative effects [5] and is characterized by a higher than baseline concentration of platelets prepared by centrifugal separation It has been used in various medical fields, mainly including orthopaedics [6,7,8] as well as sport medicine [9,10], soft tissue injuries [11,12], dentistry [13,14], dermatology [15,16] and pain management [6]. As concentrated platelets by means of PRP possess reparative and healing machinery, it is expected that PL-EVs might exhibit similar beneficial therapeutic properties under normal conditions due to their molecular cargo They might have therapeutic potential as they can support coagulation, angiogenesis, regulate immunity and accelerate tissue repair. Exosomal PL-EVs have been beneficial in the treatment of chronic injuries and trauma [56,57], alleviating knee osteoarthritis [58], promoting wound healing [37] or modulating the progression of osteonecrosis [45]
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