Abstract
PM10 samples were collected at six sampling sites in city center of Tianjin from April 2008 to January 2009. The concentrations of 17 selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM10 were quantified. Spatial and seasonal variations of PAHs were characterized. The dominant PAHs in PM10 samples were fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, phenanthrene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, anthracene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene, accounting for above 85% of total PAHs. The total PAHs concentrations of the six sampling sites ranged from 23.4 to 513 ng/m3. Spatial variations were predominantly due to the different strengths of source emission. The total PAHs concentrations at Dongli Monitoring Station (DL) site and Beichen Science and Technology Park (BC) site were higher than those at other four sites in heating period, while those at Meijiang community (MJ) site and Beichen Science and Technology Park (BC) site were higher in no-heating period. Higher PAHs concentrations during heating period and lower concentrations during no-heating period were observed at the six sampling sites, which may be caused by the stronger emissions from stationary combustion sources in heating period and the quicker air dispersion, washout effects, photo-degradation and higher percentage in the air in vapor phase in no-heating period. The PAHs concentrations in gaseous phase were predicted with gas/particle partition model, and the BaP and BaP equivalency results indicated that the health risk of gas and particle phase PAHs to human in Tianjin were higher than that in other cities. The contributions from potential sources to PAHs in PM10 were estimated by the diagnostic ratios between PAHs and principal component analysis (PCA). In whole sampling period, coal combustion was found to the predominant contributor of PM10-bound PAHs, followed by vehicles emission and wood combustion.
Highlights
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous constituents on particulate matter that mainly originate from incomplete combustion of organic matter such as petroleum and coal (Khalili et al, 1995; Guo et al, 2003; Liu et al, 2009)
The dominant PAHs in PM10 were FL, Pyr, BaA, PA, CHR, BbF, Ant, IND and BaP, accounting for above 85% of total PAHs
Average concentration of individual PAHs in the whole sampling time varied from 0.26 (NaP) to 19.2 (Fl) ng/m3 (Table 3), and as tracers for coal combustion (Khalili et al, 1995), the concentrations of FL, Pyr, BaA and CHR are significant high, which indicates coal combustion is an important source of PAHs emission in Tianjin
Summary
PAHs are ubiquitous constituents on particulate matter that mainly originate from incomplete combustion of organic matter such as petroleum and coal (Khalili et al, 1995; Guo et al, 2003; Liu et al, 2009). PAHs are almost entirely emitted from anthropogenic sources (Jones et al, 1989; Caricchia et al, 1999; Mantis et al, 2005). PAHs are usually adsorbed on particulate matter (Chen et al, 2005; Ravindra et al, 2006; Zhang et al, 2007; Liu et al, 2009) and can be inhaled into the residents’ lung as particular matter. In this study we present the spatial and temporal variation PM10-bound PAHs in urban area of Tianjin. The possible sources of PM10-bound PAH in Tianjin are discussed based on the diagnostic ratios and the principal component analysis (PCA)
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