Abstract
Textile industry effluent contains a high amount of toxic colorants. These dyes are carcinogenic and threats to the environment and living beings. In this study, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP) was used as the based polymer for PIMs with bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (B2EHP) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as the carrier and plasticizer. The fabricated PIMs were employed to extract the cation dye (Malachite Green; MG) from the feeding phase. PIMs were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), contact angle, water uptake, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ions exchange capacity. The performance of the PIMs was investigated under various conditions such as percentage of carrier and initial dye concentration. With permeability and flux values of 0.1188 cm/min and 1.1913 mg cm/min, PIM produced with 18% w/w PVDF-co-HFP, 21% w/w B2EHP, 1% w/w DOP and 40% w/w THF and was able to achieve more than 97% of MG extraction. The experimental data were then fitted with a pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, and the calculated R2 value was ~0.99. This shows that the data has a good fit with the PSO model. PIM is a potential alternative technology in textile industry effluent treatment; however, the right formulation is crucial for developing a highly efficient membrane.
Highlights
Textile effluents contain vat dyes, nitrates, acetic acid, soaps, chromium compounds and heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, copper, cadmium, mercury, nickel and cobalt which render the effluent highly toxic and carcinogenic to living things [1]
The best performance was achieved with M6 with 97.97% of malachite green (MG) extraction compared to M3 (91.71%), M4 (94.09%)
The increment of the C-N bonds proved that MG ions adhered on the surface of the membrane during the extraction process, and it is found that O-H bonds were formed between the carrier and MG ion which led to the formation of the peak at
Summary
Textile effluents contain vat dyes, nitrates, acetic acid, soaps, chromium compounds and heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, copper, cadmium, mercury, nickel and cobalt which render the effluent highly toxic and carcinogenic to living things [1]. The nitrogen compound in MG is carcinogenic, genotoxic, mutagenic and teratogenic to living organisms [6] The conventional treatments such as adsorption, ion exchange, aerobic and anaerobic, oxidation, coagulation and flocculation are ineffective to treat textile wastewater. Researchers have been looking into an alternative base polymer such as poly(vinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP). This is because PVDF-co-HFP has higher stability than other base polymers It has better extraction and transport efficiency compared to CTA and PVC [11]. (DMF); pentyl ether (o-NPPE); Poli ε-caprolactone (PCL); Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT); Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP); Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); Polyvinyl chloride (PVC); Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); Silver (Ag); Tetrahydrofuran (THF); Thermoplastic polymers polyurethane (TPU); Thiocyanate (SCN-); Zinc (Zn)
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