Abstract
Stainless steel has been the most demanded material for surgical utensil manufacture due to superior mechanical properties, sufficient wear, and corrosion resistance. Surgical grade 420A stainless steel is extensively used for producing sophisticated surgical instruments. Since these instruments are used under bright light conditions prevalent in operation theatres, the reflection from the material is significant which causes considerable strain to the eye of the surgeon. Surgical instruments with lower reflectance will be more efficient under these conditions. A low reflective thin -film coating has often been suggested to alleviate this inadmissible difficulty. This paper reports the development of an optimum parametric low reflective magnetite coating on the surface of SS 420A with a black color using chemical hot alkaline conversion coating technique and its bioactivity studies. Coating process parameters such as coating time, bath temperature, and chemical composition of bath are optimized using Taguchi optimization techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was used to identify the composition of elements and the chemical condition of the developed coating. Surface morphological studies were accomplished with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). When coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), compositional information can also be collected simultaneously. Invitro cytotoxicity tests, corrosion behavior, the effect of sterilization temperature on adhesion property, and average percentage reflectance (R) of the developed coating have also been evaluated. These results suggest adopting the procedure for producing low reflective conversion coatings on minimally invasive surgical instruments produced from medical grade 420A stainless steel.
Highlights
Martensitic stainless steel of grade 410, 420A, 420B, and 420C has been widely used for the manufacturing of cutting and non-cutting surgical instruments [1,2]
Corrosion behavior, the effect of sterilization temperature on adhesion property, and average percentage reflectance (R) of the developed coating have been evaluated. These results suggest adopting the procedure for producing low reflective conversion coatings on minimally invasive surgical instruments produced from medical grade 420A stainless steel
A low reflective black iron oxide coating was produced on stainless steel
Summary
Martensitic stainless steel of grade 410, 420A, 420B, and 420C has been widely used for the manufacturing of cutting and non-cutting surgical instruments [1,2]. A black film of titanium aluminum nitride and titanium carbon nitride has been produced on the stainless steel by physical vapor deposition which reduced the undesired light reflection, especially for minimally invasive surgical instruments [3,6]. This paper reports the development of a black iron oxide (magnetite, Fe3 O4 ) coating on the SS 420A surface using a hot aqueous alkaline treatment technique having a black color. The coating parameters such as coating duration, chemical composition of bath, temperature of salt solution, pickling effect, and pH value influence the anti-reflection characteristics of the coating developed [11,16,17,18,19]. The XPS analysis, SEM analysis invitro toxicity, corrosion behavior, and sterilization effect of the developed coating were studied extensively as a part of this research work
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