Characterization and Evaluation of Potato Genotypes (Solanum tuberosum L) for Tolerance to Drought in Uganda

Abstract

Potato production in Uganda is being affected by rainfall fluctuations in both timing and amount, resulting into inadequate soil moisture availability and low productivity. Also, potato production is expanding into locations at lower altitudes, where drought is more common. Therefore, drought stress mitigation measures and coping mechanisms need to be devised to face future challenges of climate change, particularly in developing countries to ensure steady supply of adequate quantities of quality food. This study thus, aimed at characterizing new potato clones from CIP (International Potato Center) for tolerance to drought under Ugandan conditions. Consequently a screen house experiment was conducted twice at Kachwekano Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (KAZARDI) from October 2011 to February 2012 and April to July 2012 to evaluate and characterize eight potato genotypes; five of which were obtained from CIP’s breeding collection for drought tolerance and low altitude areas, and three locally released varieties from Uganda. These clones were tested for drought tolerance at three levels of simulated moisture deficit; 25 % field capacity, 50 % and 100 % field capacity (FC). Data were collected on leaf chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content, number of days to 50 % flowering, percent ground cover, leaf area, plant height, number of stems per plant, stem diameter, stress score, increment in plant height after imposing stress, tuber dry matter content and yield components. Of all the traits evaluated, yield and number of days to 50 % flowering contributed most to drought tolerance among the potato genotypes evaluated. There were significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences among genotypes for all evaluated traits. Results from both growth, physiological and yield parameters revealed that the new potato clones were less affected by drought stress compared to adapted varieties. Total tuber yield was 23 tons per hectare, 11.4 and 8.1 in plots at full field capacity, 50 % and 25 % moisture stressed plots respectively in the first experiment. A similar trend was obtained in the second experiment with 19 tons per hectare, 13.7 and 11.3 respectively. The new clones at highest moisture stress had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher yields than adapted varieties providing a promise for possible new varieties and breeding stock in extreme conditions of moisture deficit.