Abstract
The removal of sodium ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto amorphous carbon thin film (ACTF) has been studied in batch mode. In this work, the ACTF as new adsorbent was synthesized based on rice straw, then its structure and properties were taken into consideration to study its ability to adsorb sodium ions from synthetic water. The influence of pH, contact time, and temperature of the ion adsorption on ACTF was also studied using batch tests. We found that the contact time of sodium adsorption and its isothermal adsorption studied were described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm, respectively. Our results indicated that the adsorption of sodium ions on ACTF become be stronger and depends on pH, furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacities of sodium on ACTF recorded 107, 120 and 135 mg g−1 at 35, 45, and 65 °C. The thermodynamic parameters explain that the adsorption of sodium ions on ACTF is a spontaneous process and endothermic reaction. According to adsorption studies, we found that the ACTF can be used effectively for ion chromatography or desalinate sodium ion using ion exchange process in the hybrid desalination process with insignificant loss of adsorption capacity. However, the ACTF has better properties than any other carbon materials obtained from an agricultural byproduct.
Highlights
The annually renewable agricultural residues represent an abundant, inexpensive, and available source of renewable lingo-cellulosic biomass, and their utilizations are attracting increased interest around the world, for the production of novel materials for environmentally and friendly industrial utilizations after chemical modification
We found that the amorphous carbon thin film (ACTF) can be used effectively for ion chromatography or desalinate sodium ion using ion exchange process in the hybrid desalination process with insignificant loss of adsorption capacity
fourier transform infrared (FTIR) of amorphous carbon thin film prepared from rice straw in Fig. 1 exhibited stretching bands at 3659 and 1100 cm-1 is indicating the presence of OH and C=O functional groups (Zuyi et al 1995)
Summary
The annually renewable agricultural residues represent an abundant, inexpensive, and available source of renewable lingo-cellulosic biomass, and their utilizations are attracting increased interest around the world, for the production of novel materials for environmentally and friendly industrial utilizations after chemical modification. As it is known that the sea water is considered a good source of water, its salinity does not allow it for human consumption. As known from the saline water analysis, the NaCl represented a major component, where chlorine mass represented about 16 times higher than Mg, *22 times than sulfur, *48 times than Br and K. Sodium mass represented about 9 times higher than Mg, 12 times to sulfur, 17 times to K and 180 times higher than Br and C (Wang et al 2010; Zhou et al 2014). The percentage of sodium chloride in seawater is much higher than other salts, their removing only from seawater does not mean that the water becomes safe to drink (Zhu et al 2014; Nguyen and Nguyen 2015)
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