Characterization and discrimination of volatile organic compounds and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of soybeans (Glycine max L.) during solid-state fermentation with Eurotium cristatum YL-1

Abstract

In this study, the influence of solid-state fermentation (SSF) using probiotic Eurotium cristatum on the change of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and α-glucosidase inhibition activity of soybeans was investigated. A total of 46 VOCs were characterized via headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), the majority of which were aldehydes (17), alcohols (10), and ketones (7). SSF by E. cristatum drastically affected the flavor characteristics of soybeans, and the levels of unpleasant beany flavor components, such as hexanal-D, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-hexanol-D, 1-hexanol-M, heptanal-M, 1-pentanol, heptanal-D, and 2-pentyl furan were all substantially decreased by 50% after 15 days of SSF, while volatiles with floral, caramel, and desirable flavors such as pentanal-D, methylpropanal, 2-propanol, and propyl acetate drastically (p < 0.05) increased by 1.1-, 19.2-, 3.6-, and 2.6-fold, respectively. Key aroma-active compounds analysis revealed that 18 VOCs (ROAV, relative odor activity value ≥ 1) play a great role in shaping the flavor characteristics of the soybean samples. After 15 days of SSF, the ROAV values of methylpropanal, 2-propanol, and propyl acetate drastically (p < 0.05) increased to 8.48, 63.88, and 11.29, respectively, which greatly contributed to the desirable flavor characteristics of fermented soybeans. Furthermore, E. cristatum greatly improved the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of soybean by 22.4% after 15 days fermentation, which was closely correlated with the accumulated phenolic compounds during SSF. Molecular docking showed that genistein and daidzein have high binding affinity for α-glucosidase active sites, primarily driven by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. These results demonstrated that soybeans fermented with E. cristatum substantially improved the flavor characteristics and α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, and were greatly helpful to promote the application of soybeans in food products.