Abstract
Development of cost-effective and eco-friendly methods of nanoparticle synthesis could play a crucial role in integrating nanotechnology and phytomedicine for biological applications. In this study, biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using the ethanolic extract of Pelargonium sidoides DC at 60°C. Formation of nanoparticles was monitored using UV-Visible spectroscopy at different time intervals. A maximum absorption at 456 nm was observed as the reaction time increased, resulting in a red shift of the surface plasmon band (SPB). Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the reducing and stabilizing activity of flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, and phenols. Size and morphology of the AgNPs were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) which indicated the spherical nature of the nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 11 to 90 nm. Further characterization of the AgNPs was carried out using EDS, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Additionally, the AgNPs had a marginally higher antimicrobial activity when compared to the plant extract against Gram-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 27336) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10876) and Gram-negative Moraxella catarrhalis (ATCC 25240), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853).
Highlights
Nanoscience offers a range of platforms for the development of novel technological advancements for a broad range of environmental, biochemical, biological, and other applications [1, 2]
Synthesis of silver nanomaterials by means of chemical processes can be further subcategorized into chemical reduction methods, electrochemical techniques, photochemical methods, and pyrolysis whereas physical methods can be subcategorized into physical vapor condensation, inert gas condensation, cocondensation, ultraviolet irradiation, thermal decomposition, laser ablation arc-discharge, sonodecomposition, radiolysis, and direct current magnetron sputtering [5, 6]
The addition of silver nitrate to the ethanolic extract of P. sidoides resulted in a colour change of the reaction mixture from pale yellow to scarlet brown after 2 hours, as shown in Figures 1(a) and 1(b), which served as visual confirmation for the formation of nanoparticles
Summary
Nanoscience offers a range of platforms for the development of novel technological advancements for a broad range of environmental, biochemical, biological, and other applications [1, 2]. Fabrication of materials at the nanoscale using natural or biological sources has rapidly advanced over the past few years [3]. Several routes of synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been reported previously, classified as chemical, physical, photochemical, and biological methods [4]. Synthesis of silver nanomaterials by means of chemical processes can be further subcategorized into chemical reduction methods, electrochemical techniques, photochemical methods, and pyrolysis whereas physical methods can be subcategorized into physical vapor condensation, inert gas condensation, cocondensation, ultraviolet irradiation, thermal decomposition, laser ablation arc-discharge, sonodecomposition, radiolysis, and direct current magnetron sputtering [5, 6]. Synthesis and fabrication of nanoparticles using either chemical or physical methods pose a significant threat to the environment as their principal contaminants are difficult to purify and often require high energy input [7, 8]. Nanoparticle biosynthesis using plant extracts is by far the most viable method owing to their eco-friendliness, biocompatibility, and low toxicity [9, 10]
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