Abstract
Recently, nanobiotechnology has been developing intensively; therefore, various properties of nanoparticles, which depend on their origin, concentration, and size, are of interest. It is known that CeO2 nanoparticles cause a positive biological effect. These particles are able to penetrate through biomembranes. At the same time, there are assumptions about a high degree of biological risks when using nanomaterials, and it is obvious that the biosafety of nanomaterials is decisive in the development of new products, including for medicine. The cytotoxicity of samples of cerium salts and cerium dioxide nanoparticles of different sizes was assessed at different concentrations using D. viridis. The cytotoxicity level by morphological and functional disorders of D. viridis was investigated, as determined by the change in cell shape, accumulation of inclusions, loss of flagellum, change in nature and movement, the formation of micro- and macroaggregates by D. viridis cells and exometabolite release. The cytotoxicity coefficient was calculated as a quotient of total detected changes divided by their number. It was shown that cerium salts (cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate and cerium (III) chloride) had pronounced cytotoxicity, which exceeded cytotoxicity values of the control by 7 and 6 times, respectively. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles with a size of 6 nm at a concentration of 0.01 M showed intermediate cytotoxicity, which exceeded control values by 3.5 times, and after the effect of nanoparticles with a size of 2 nm at a concentration of 0.1 M, the cytotoxicity coefficient corresponded to control values. The addition of inactivated blood serum to the incubation mixture resulted in a decreased cytotoxic effect of cerium dioxide. The use of D. viridis as a test system will supplement the arsenal of biotesting tools for nanomaterials and the study of the mechanisms of their effect.
Highlights
As is known, the anthropogenic impact on the environment has become a powerful environmental factor
We developed a cellular bioindicator based on the Dunaliella viridis Teod. unicellular microalga to assess the cytotoxic effect of biologically active substances, including autoimmune pathology (Klimova et al, 2016)
The results of this paper allow us to conclude that the addition of сerium (IV) ammonium nitrate, cerium (III) chloride or cerium dioxide nanoparticles at low concentrations (0.01–0.10 M), with different sizes, into the D. viridis culture was accompanied by severe morphological and functional changes in microalgae
Summary
The anthropogenic impact on the environment has become a powerful environmental factor. There are various methods of screening new products for genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and specificity of new materials (Doak et al, 2012; Sahu et al, 2016) These methods are laborious, expensive, and do not always provide unambiguous biological answers. The absence of a cell wall in D. viridis ensures direct contact of xenobiotics with the plasmolemma, as in animal cells This “allows” it to quickly change its shape and size depending on changes in cultivation conditions, which is an integral response to the presence of active compounds or changes in physical and chemical environmental factors (Bozhkov et al, 2010)
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