Abstract
Residual surface deformation resulting from abandoned mined-out areas can lead to severe damage to ground structures (e.g., buildings and infrastructure in mining areas) and the local ecological environment. Long-term monitoring and analyses of surface deformation characteristics of abandoned mined-out areas are significant for preventing potential disasters. In this study, a detailed field investigation first was conducted in Ying’an and Baoshan coal mines located in Jilin Province, China, to survey mining-induced disasters in the mining areas. Based on the 40 Sentinel-1A images acquired from 14 February 2017 to 17 May 2020, small baseline subset interferometry synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) technology was employed to obtain the time-series residual surface deformation. Validation of the SBAS-derived results is performed by comparing with the results obtained via leveling measurements. The root mean square error (RMSE) between SBAS-derived and leveling measurements results was found to be 1.144 mm, reflecting a fairly good agreement. Furthermore, the ordinary Kriging interpolation approach was adopted to obtain information on the deformation across the entire area. The spatial–temporal evolution characteristics of the derived subsidence bowls in multiple mined-out areas were revealed. The deformation characteristics for the abandoned mined-out areas in different periods were not completely consistent. Finally, the potential mechanism underlying the inconsistency in the subsidence associated with underground coal exploitation is analyzed. The findings of this study can provide insights into local construction and ecological improvement as well as guidance for the prediction of deformation in abandoned mined-out areas.
Highlights
Coal resources are still one of the main energy sources in many countries [1], which are widely employed in industrial production, power generation and so on
Coal resources have been central to promoting economic development, extensive underground coal exploitation inevitably results in some negative effects [2], such as surface subsidence [3,4]
Long-term monitoring of surface deformation in mining areas and analysis of surface deformation characteristics are of great significance for preventing and mitigating regional disasters
Summary
Coal resources are still one of the main energy sources in many countries [1], which are widely employed in industrial production, power generation and so on. Over the past few decades, the aforementioned geodetic measurement approaches have proven to be reliable geodetic techniques with centimeter-to-millimeter accuracy [10,13], and have been extensively utilized to investigate surface deformation [14,15] Since these techniques are implemented on a point-by-point basis, the collection of monitoring data is labor-intensive, time-consuming and costly, especially for large study regions [6,16]. Reasonable analyses of the spatial–temporal deformation characteristics of multiple abandoned mined-out areas based on the results of long-time monitoring are important for preventing and mitigating local disasters. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 3752 with monitoring data obtained by leveling measurements, followed by a discussion of the deformation mechanism associated with coal exploitation (Section 5)
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