Abstract
BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) globally. Diabetes and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), both prevalent in South Africa, have not been reported as significant causes of ESRD.MethodsWe evaluated chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease risk factors in a cross-sectional study of 302 patients (165 females/ 137 males) at a CKD clinic in rural northern KwaZulu-Natal. We included all CKD outpatient clinic attendees and excluded acute renal failure patients. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data collected were analyzed with Stata11 software. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with advanced CKD and results expressed as the odds ratio with the 95% confidence interval [OR (95% CI)].ResultsOf 302 patients analyzed, 290 (96%) were black African. Mean age ± SD was 47.1 ± 17.0 years. Approximately 86.4% of females and 54.5% of males were overweight/ obese. Dyslipidaemia was observed in 47.9% females and 29.2% males (P < 0.001). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 in 50.6% patients. CKD risk factors observed were: hypertension (77.8%), diabetes (29.8%), HIV (28.5%), glomerulonephritis (7.0%) and tubulointerstitial diseases (5.6%). Independent factors associated with eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 at presentation were: HIV [OR = 2.4 (1.3-4.2), P = 0.004] and hypertension [OR = 2.3 (1.3-4.2), P = 0.007].ConclusionDiabetes and HIV are prevalent in CKD patients at primary/regional level healthcare in South Africa. With registry data lacking, dedicated CKD clinics at lower healthcare levels may provide valuable data on CKD epidemiology including changes in aetiology. Primary healthcare practitioners are faced with advanced CKD patients in resource-poor settings, with limited opportunity for upward referral hence the need for nephrology outreach programs.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) globally
Apart from the high costs of renal replacement therapy (RRT), the pressure on national resources is further compounded by the high cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden observed in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients
Our aim was to describe the prevalence of CKD and CVD risk factors and determine factors associated with CKD severity in patients presenting at a CKD clinic in the predominantly rural northern KwaZulu-Natal region, South Africa
Summary
Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) globally. Diabetes and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), both prevalent in South Africa, have not been reported as significant causes of ESRD. Hypertension and glomerulonephritis were the major causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among South Africans in previous registry data [1]. Data have shown type 2 diabetes as the commonest cause of ESRD globally, accounting for up to 40% [2]. Epidemiological data are needed in South Africa to provide the necessary framework for incorporating CKD early detection and management into primary level healthcare with other chronic non-communicable diseases. Our aim was to describe the prevalence of CKD and CVD risk factors and determine factors associated with CKD severity in patients presenting at a CKD clinic in the predominantly rural northern KwaZulu-Natal region, South Africa
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